An Augustan governor on the freedom of Chios [ Marble ]

 Inscription: id 170
Title
An Augustan governor on the freedom of Chios
Description
Boeckh in the Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum only reports that the stone was a rudis lapis (rough) and broken at the bottom. The picture below – courtesy of Charles Crowther  (University of Oxford) – shows that the inscription is now broken into three fragments and parts of the left side are lost. While the central area of the bigger fragment has some chips, the surface has generally been smoothed and letters are well carved, in a style that resembles more inscriptions of the imperial period rather than of the end of the Republic. Since this was a wall block, it might actually have comprised a series of imperial letters similar to the “archive wall” of Aphrodisias, which also collects official documents recording the “freedom” of the city
Typology
Official letter
Inscription category
RomanGreek
Language
Greek
Language of entry
English
Physical characteristics
The provincial governor settles a dispute concerning the freedom of Chios and describes the use of previous official documents
Material(s)
Marble
Measurements
The preserved block is 51.2 centimetres in height, 101 centimetres in width, and 35 centimetres thick. Letter forms are between 16 and 17 centimetres tall and the line interval is 7 centimetres
Primary / preferred image
Original location (text)
Unknown. Found in a reused context at the Byzantine-Genoese Kastro of Chios
Actual location
Museum of Chios, Greece (inv. 164)
Centuries (range of dating)
1st CE
Date CE / start of range
4
Date CE - end of range (optional)
5
Publications
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Edition

I reproduce the edition prepared by Dittenberger in Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum; but incorporating the re-examination of the stone provided by Forrest in SEG 22.507 and updating diacritical marks to the Leiden conventions.

  ΜΕΤΑΜΕ[․․․]ΚΛ̣[․․․8․․․․ ἐντ]ευχθεὶς ὑπ’ Ἀ[․․․․․12․․․․․]ΚΩ[- - -]
  Σταφύλου ὑπαρχόντων πρὸς τοὺς Χείων πρέσβεις ἀναγεινωσ[κόν]-
  των ἐπιστολὴν Ἀντιστίου Οὐέτερος τοῦ πρὸ ἐμοῦ ἀνθυπάτ[ου,]
  ἀνδρὸς ἐπιφανεστάτου, κατακολουθῶν τῇ καθολικῃ μου [προ]-
5 θέσει τοῦ τ̣η̣[ρ]εῖν τὰ ὑπὸ τῶν πρὸ ἐμοῦ ἀνθυπάτων γραφέντα̣, [φυ]-
  λάττειν καὶ τὴν ὑπὲρ τούτων φερομένην ἐπιστολὴν Οὐέτε[ρος]
  εὔλογον ἡγησάμην· ὕστερον δὲ ἑκατέρου μέρους ἐξ ἀντικα[τα]-
  στάσεως περὶ τῶν κατὰ μέρος ζητημάτων ἐντυχόντος διήκ[ου]-
  σα, καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἐμὴν συνήθειαν παρ’ ἑκατέρου μέρους ἐπιμελ[έσ]-
10 τερα γεγραμμένα ᾔτησα ὑπομνήματα· [ἃ λ]αβὼν, καὶ κατὰ τὸ ἐπιβ̣[άλ]-
  λον ἐπιστήσας, εὗρον τοῖς μὲν χρόνοις ἀρχαιότατον δόγμα[τος]
  συνκλήτου ἀντισφράγισμα, γεγονότος Λουκίῳ Σύλλᾳ τὸ δε[ύτε]-
  ρον ὑπάτωι, ἐν ᾧ μαρτυρηθεῖσι τοῖς Χείοις, ὅσα ὑπὲρ Ῥωμαίων διέ̣[θη]-
  κάν τε Μιθριδάτην ἀνδραγαθοῦντες καὶ ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ ἔπαθον, ἡ σύν̣κ̣[λη]-
15 τος εἰδικῶς ἐβεβαίωσεν, ὅπως νόμοις τε καὶ ἔθεσιν καὶ δικαίοις χ[ρῶν]-
  ται ἃ ἔσχον ὅτε τῇ Ῥωμαίων φιλίᾳ προσῆλθον, ἵνα τε ὑπὸ μηθ’ ᾡτινι[οῦν]
  τύπῳ ὧσιν ἀρχόντων ἢ ἀνταρχόντων, οἵ τε παρ’ αὐτοῖς ὄντες Ῥωμ̣[αῖ]-
  οι τοῖς Χείων ὑπακούωσιν νόμοις· Αὐτοκράτορος δὲ θεοῦ υἱοῦ Σ[ε]-
  βαστοῦ, τὸ ὄγδοον ὑπάτου, ἐπιστολὴ<ν> πρὸς Χείους, γράφοντ[ος ὡς, ἐπειδὴ]
20 [․․․․11․․․․․]Ρ̣[․]ΕΙΝ̣ ἀμφι[․․․7․․․] τῆς περὶ τὴν πόλιν ἐλευθ[ερίας]
  [ - - - ]
English translation
I reproduce the translation provided by Sherk, Robert K. in Rome and the Greek East (Baltimore: The John Hopkins Press, 1969), p. 138-139, no. 108.

[- - -] he having petitioned by A[...] of Staphylos, [- - -] to the Chian envoys (and) read aloud a letter of Antistius Vetus, my predecessor as proconsul, a most distinguished man. Following my general procedure of preserving the written files of my predecessors in the proconsulship, to keep safe also the letter of Vetus, which had been produced concerning this case, I considered sensible. And later each party in opposition concerning their claims met with me separately, and I listened to them, and according to my usual practice requested from each party more careful written memoranda. When I received [these,] I appropriately fixed my attention on them and the oldest (document) I found, in order of time, was a sealed copy of a decree of the senate passed when Lucius Sulla was consul for the second time, in which, after the Chians had testified to the actions that they on behalf of the Romans had taken bravely against Mithridates and to their suffering at his hands, the senate specifically confirmed that they were to enjoy the laws and customs and rights which they had when they entered into friendship with the Romans, and they should not be subject to any ruling whatsoever of (Roman) magistrates and promagistrates, and that the Romans among them should obey Chian laws. And a letter of Imperator, son of the God, Augustus consul for the eighth time (26 BC), written to the Chians [- - -] the freedom for the city
Commentary

This stone found in the Aegean island of Chios is important for two different aspects. Firstly, it explicitly records the procedure followed by the provincial governor in order to settle a local dispute. Secondly, it describes some of the benefits and rights of a city granted the status of “free” and “friend” of the Romans. 

Both the beginning and end of the document are lost. However, we are certain that the letter was prepared by the successor of Antistius Vetus in the proconsulship of Asia. As it appears from lines 18 and 19 that Augustus was still alive when the document was drafted, Antistius Vetus should be identified with the consul of 6 BCE, who was governor around 2/3 and 3/4 CE. When he left the province, our anonymous officer was met with ambassadors from Chios (Χείων πρέσβεις/Cheiôn presbeis) presumably in 4/5 CE. The exact issue brought by the diplomatic delegation is unknown but it triggered an official investigation. As it becomes clear from the text, governors mostly found out about on-going provincial matters upon their arrival. This happened every single year in the case of the proconsular territory of Asia. Hence, we can better understand Chios’s promptness to organise a new embassy in order to speak on their behalf. In addition to this oral defence, lines 5 to 13 illustrate the paramount importance of keeping records of decisions affecting the status of local entities. On the one hand, the governor says that he is following the general procedure (καθολικὴ πρόθεσις/katholikê prothesis) by preserving Vetus’s letter; presumably at the provincial archive of Ephesus. On the other hand, he asks both disputing parties to produce written memoranda (γεγραμμένα ὑπομνήματα/gegrammena hupomnêmata) supporting their claims. This is also described as a habit (συνήθεια/synêtheia). Consequently, local institutions were also recommended to keep copies in their archives.

It is not coincidental that, after the revision of all the documents brought to him, the governor chose the oldest (τοῖς χρόνοις ἀρχαιότατον/tois chronois archaiotaton). Indeed, antiquity meant authority; and Roman officers normally based their decisions on existing precedents (see e.g. Burton, “The Resolution”). In this case, the most authoritative source was found in a sealed copy (ἀντισφράγισμα/antisfragisma) of a Senatus consultum dating to Sulla’s second consulship (80 BCE). This was drafted in the context of the First Mithridatic war when Chios aligned with the Romans (Appian, Mithridatic Wars, 46-47, 61). As a reward for their loyal support, the city was granted the “friendship of the Romans” (l. 16) and could enjoy its own laws, customs, and rights (νόμοι/nomoi, ἔθη/ethê, δίκαια/dikaia). This process resembles the later grant of amicitia to the nearby city of Mytilene in Lesbos, for which the S.C. is actually preserved (IG XII 2.35). Our document is also relevant to the attestation of personal grants of this friendship status such as the S.C. de Asclepiade.

The privileges decreed by the Senate automatically made Chios a city with freedom (ἐλευθερία/eleutheria) as is also recorded at the very end of the broken stone. Lines 16 and 17 specify that such a “free” city was not under the jurisdiction of Roman officials (see Ferrary, “La liberté;” Lintott, Imperium Romanum, p. 36-40); and this is also known from other grants of "freedom" such as those of Kolophon (SEG 39.1244), Termessos (CIL I589), and Apollonia (Cicero, For Flaccus 71). The clause contained between lines 17 and 18 is, nonetheless, unique. It is stated that even Roman residents shall be subject (ὑπακούωσιν/hypakousin) to the Chian laws. This required obedience contrasts with the multiple benefits granted to Roman citizens in the Greek East. For example, the document recording Seleukos of Rhosos’s enfranchisement specifies that he could choose the courts which would try his cases (privilegium fori) and, moreover, had the right to send embassies to Rome on his behalf (ius legationis). This superior legal status would have provoked disputes with the autonomous jurisdiction granted to “free cities”. Our document from Chios seems to be a response to these challenges.

It is impossible to know whether the obedience to local laws imposed on Roman citizens was something unique to Chios, or applicable to other “free cities” in the eastern Mediterranean. Whatever the case may be, the instructions of this provincial governor would fit in Augustus’ policy to favour certain local interests and rights. This is the same context of the Cyrene edicts in which he made Roman citizens subject to the liturgies of poleis and forced them to stop conspiring in court against the disadvantaged Greeks. All such instructions and issues would not have arisen without the unprecedented spread of Roman citizenship experienced in the Greek East at the end of the Republic. 

Thematic keywords
friendshipRoman citizenshipjurisdictionarchivegovernordisputesenatus consultumChiosAugustusfreedom
Keywords (original language)
πρεσβευτήςἐπιστολήἀνθύπατοςπρόθεσιςὑπομνήματασυνήθειαἀρχαῖοςἀντισφράγισμαἐλευθερίανόμοςἔθοςδίκαιον
Literary reference
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Publication status
Yes
Realised by (term)
Aitor Blanco Pérez
Drupal Node ID
2414
Publishing diplomatic option
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Publishing translation option
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