Pergamum, Trajan, and Games in honour of Rome

Typology: Dossier of documents

Original Location: Discovered between the Traianeum and the Library of Pergamum (inv. III 447)

Current Location: Museums of Berlin (Germany)

Date: 114 CE to 116 CE

Centuries: 2nd CE

Material: Marble

Measurements: 76 centimetres high, 57 centimetres wide, and 12 centimetres thick. Letters are between 8 and 12 centimetres tall

Languages: Latin, Greek

Category: Roman, Greek

Publications: IvP II 269 [CIL 3.7086; IGRR 4.336]

Description: The inscription is broken on the right top and bottom corners. The inscribed area is framed within a mould. The different documents are split into paragraphs. Lettering is slightly irregular but clearly readable. Interpunctuation is more abundant in the Latin parts.

Edition :
I reproduce the edition in Fränkel, Die Inschriften von Pergamon II, p. 203-205, no. 269. Diacritical marks have been updated to comply with the Leiden conventions. 

A)	[Περγαμηνῶν τῆι βουλῆι καὶ τῶι δήμ]ῳ̣ χαίρε̣[ιν]·
	[— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —] ἀγῶνι παν̣-
	[ηγυρ(?)— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —]ε χρόνον
	[— — — — — — — — — κατὰ δόγμα τῆς ἐπιφαν]εστ̣άτης συνκλήτου
5	[— — — — — — — — — — — — — — ἀγὼν δεύ]τ̣ερος παρ’ ὑμεῖν ἱερὸς
	[— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —]νος ἐρρῶσθαι ὑμᾶς βούλομαι.
	[ἐπὶ — — — — — στρατηγοῦ καὶ — —]ου̣ Κλαυδίου Σειλιανοῦ ἀρχιερέως.
B)	[cos. — — — — — — — — — — — — —]ias s(enatus) c(onsultum) factum de postulatione
	[Pergamenorum(?)] vac.
	[placere ut certamen illud], quod in honorem templi Iovis Amicalis et
10	[Imp(eratoris) Caes(aris) divi Nervae f. Ne]ṛvae Traiani Augusti Germanici Dacici
	[pontif(icis) max(imi) est cons]ṭitutum εἰσελαστικὸν in civitate
	[Pergamenorum, eiusdem con]dicionis sit cuius est quod in honorem Romae
	[et divi Aug(usti), ibi agitur, it]a ut ea impendia quae propter id certamen
	[fieri oportebit, cedant in] onus Iuli Quadrati clarissimi viri
15	[eorumque a]d quos ea res pertinebit.
C)	[Kεφάλαιον ἐκ τ]ῶν Καίσαρος ἐντολῶν·
	[cum secundum meam c]onstitutionem certamen in civitate
	[Pergamenorum ab Iulio Quadrato] ạmico clarissimo viro quinquennale,
	[quod dicitur εἰσελαστικόν, c]onstitutum sit idq(ue) amplissimus ordo
20	[eiusdem iuris esse decreveri]t cuius est quod in eadem civitate
	[in honorem Romae et divi A]ug(usti) institutum est huius quoq(ue) iseas-
	[tici victoribus id quod in altero] certamine custoditur dari oportebit
	[praemium].
D)	[Αὐτοκράτωρ Καῖσαρ θεοῦ Νέρουα υἱ]ὸς Νέρουας Τραϊανὸς Ἄριστος
25	[Σεβαστὸς Γερμανικὸς Δακικός, ἀρ]χιερεὺς μέγιστος, δημαρχικῆς
	[ἐξουσίας τὸ ι.ʹ, αὐτοκράτωρ τὸ ..ʹ, ὕπα]τος τὸ ϛ, πατὴρ πατρίδος,
	[Περγαμηνῶν τῆι βουλῆι καὶ τῶ]ι δήμωι χαίρειν·
	[ἐλθούσης ὑμῶν πρεσβείας, ὑμῶν ἀποδεξά]μ̣ενος αὐτῆς τό τε ἀξίωμα
	[καὶ τὰ συγγράμματα, περὶ πάντων ἃ ἐν αὐ]τ̣οῖς ἠξιώσατε συνκατεθέμην
30	[— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —] μ̣ετ̣άσχοιτε, ἐπιτρέπω οὖν ὑ-
	[μῖν — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —]λόντων ἐν ἀγοραίοις
	[— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —] τῶν θεωριῶν ὡρισμένον
	[— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —] ὁρῶ δὲ καὶ τὰς ὑπὸ
	[— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —]

English translation:

The translation is my own. It seeks to remain as close to the original line separation and syntax as possible. Compare with the less literal version provided in Roman Statutes, p. 171, no. 221.

A) To the council and people of the Pergameans/ [---] to the games/, fair? [---] time/ [---] according to the decision of the very illustrious Senate/ [---] your second sacred game// [---] I want that you are in good health/. [When [---] was strategos and] Claudius Silianus high-priest.
B) [---] decree of the senate made on the petition/ of the Pergameans?/ It pleases that these games which in honour of the temple of Jupiter amicalis/ and the emperor Caesar, son of Nerva, Trajan Augustus Germanicus Dacicus/ [pontifex maximus] are made eiselastikos in the city// of the Pergameans, [in the same rank] which exists for (the games) in honour of Rome/ [and the god Augustus, celebrated there] so that the expenses that because of these games/ [should be made], the very illustrious Iulii Quadrati shall bear the burden/, [and those] to whom this issue concerns.// 
C) [Heading of the] instructions of the Caesar/ [As according to my] regulation in the city/ [of Pergameans by Iulius Quadratus], my friend and very illustrious man, games every five years/ [which are called eiselastikos], shall be established, and these the very distinguished order (the Senate)/ [has decreed to have the same rank] (as the games) which in the same city// [in honour of Rome and the god] Augustus are established, and also to the eiselastic/ [victors what in the other] games is observed, that should be given/ as prize./
D) Emperor Caesar, son of Nerva, Trajan Optimus/ [Augustus, Germanicus, Dacicus] pontifex maximus, with tribunician powers// [for the 10th time, imperator for the ?, consul of the 6th, father of the fatherland/ to the council and] people of the Pergameans greetings/. [When your embassy arrived], I received the petition/ and the dossier. Regarding everything which in these] you were requesting, I agreed / [---] you should have a share, for I permit // for [you] [---] in the market days/, [---] of the spectacles determined/ [---] and I see that [...]

Translation credit:
Translation by author of the database record

Commentary:

This stele contains a dossier of four different documents that deal with a memorable episode in the history of Pergamum in the imperial period: the grant of the second sacred games by the emperor Trajan and the Roman senate. The state of the stone and of some of its texts is rather fragmentary. However, the sequence of events can be reconstructed with a fair degree of certainty.

A) The formulaic greeting formula opening the first document indicates that it was probably sent by a Roman official, most likely the provincial governor. The letter is very short, but several key elements can be identified. Already in lines 2 to 4, we are informed that a competition (ἀγών/agôn) is at stake and the “very illustrious” Senate (σύγκλητος/synklêtos) is involved. These games had a sacred status (ἱερός/hieros) and were related to the imperial cult because the high-priest (ἀρχιερεύς/archiereus), Claudius Silianus, a member of a prominent local family appears (Müller, “Hadrien an die Pergamener,” p. 372, no. 18).

B) The second document contains the decision of the Senate (senatus consultum) concerning the Pergamean petition (postulatio). The Latin translation of ἀγών/agôn is certamen and it is specified that the games were held in honour of the temple of Iuppiter Amicalis and Trajan. The titulature of the emperor (l. 10) is important because it dates the document before 116 CE, when Parthia was conquered and he was named Parthicus. As for the reference to Jupiter, this is another Latin rendering of a Greek entity. The epithet amicalis corresponds to φίλιος/philios (“friendly”), meaning the god was Zeus Philios. The choice of this deity is significant because it confirms the importance of “friendship” or amicitia for the relations established between Rome and the provinces even still in the high imperial period. This concept dominated foreign diplomacy during the Roman Republic as attested for example in the oath taken by Aphrodisias after the Mithridatic wars, which invoked both Zeus Philios and the Concord with Rome (see Reynolds, Aphrodisias, p. 6-7). In the case of Pergamum, a new temple (templum) had been dedicated to this Zeus Philios and Trajan, which therefore constituted a new centre of the imperial cult. This connection between agonistic festivals and the creation of such spaces of worship is not novel. Indeed, Cassius Dio (Roman History LI.20.7-9) reports that, when Augustus let the Greeks in Asia consecrate precincts in his name in Pergamum, he also authorised them “to hold the sacred games in honour of Caesar’s temple.” From 29 BCE, local evidence confirms the organisation of a new festival called Rhômaia Sebasta, as well as the adoption of the title of νεώκορος/neôkoros which was reserved for the most important centres of the imperial cult (see Burrell, Neokoroi, p. 18-22). This precedent was fundamental for the new bid for games launched by Pergamum under Trajan. As lines 12 and 13 record, the Senate specified that the new sacred games should have the same status (conditio) as those “in honour of Rome [and the god Augustus].” This distinguished condition is more precisely worded in line 11: εἰσελαστικόν/eiselastikon. The Greek term did not have a Latin equivalent and can neither be translated into English. It refers to a very specific category of games, the victors of which were entitled to return home with a welcoming parade and a public pension (Slater, “The Victor’s Return”). Under Roman domination, this top rank was eagerly sought but the emperor together with the Senate only authorised it under exceptional circumstances (see e.g. Pliny, Letters X.118-119). For this reason, cities normally waited to propose such games when projects for the construction of grand temples of the imperial cult had been approved. This is exactly the case of Pergamum. Again, both coins and inscriptions confirm that the polis was the first in Asia to receive the second neokoria thanks to the temple dedicated to Zeus Philios and Trajan (see Burrell, Neokoroi, p. 22-30).

C) The third document is introduced by a heading in Greek, even if it was originally written in Latin. It contains the instructions (ἐντολαί/entolai = mandata) that Trajan, the Caesar, probably addressed to the Roman official who wrote the first letter of the dossier. The emperor confirms that the games of Pergamum had been authorised through a constitutio (l. 17), which also specified that it had the five-year cycle (quinquennale) typical of the major Greek festivals. Trajan also refers to the endorsement of the senatorial order (ordo) and emphasises the participation of one of his senatorial friends (amicus clarissimus vir). The same man also appeared at the end of document B and, hence, his name can be restored as Iulius Quadratus in line 18 too. The many honorific inscriptions for this senator discovered in Pergamum corroborate the close relationship between him and Trajan (see Halfmann, Die Senatoren, p. 112-115). The emperor directly appointed Caius Aulus Antius Iulius Quadratus (PIR² I 507)for many provincial offices in the East, including Syria, Cappadocia or Armenia. He also participated in the Dacian triumphs and was one of the first easterners to reach the consulship, together with his cousin C. Iulius Severus (IGRR III.173). His euergetic activity in Pergamum was extremely high and practically inaugurated a new golden age of urban planning at the beginning of the 2^nd century CE (IvP III 21, see Halfmann, Städtbau, p. 45-55). The construction of the second neocorate temple – the so-called Traianeum, see Radt, Pergamon Geschichte, p. 209-220 – belonged to such projects for which the collaboration, influence, and sponsorship of members of the Senate close to the emperor were crucial (see Eck, “Die Präsenz senatorischer Familien”). Indeed, in addition to promoting the new sacred festival in honour of Trajan and Zeus Philios (or Τραιάνεια Δειφίλεια/Traianeia Deiphileia), he also left his son as one of the first high-priests of the new temples of the imperial cult (IvP III 20).

D) The last document is a letter addressed by Trajan to the local institutions of Pergamum. It is the most fragmentary but provides a t.p.q. in 114 CE. It also reveals that the agonistic festival involved the organisation of a parallel fair taking place at public spaces (ἀγοραίοι/agoraioi) and that the aforementioned petition (ἀξίωμα/axiôma) was delivered through an embassy. Such diplomatic missions confirm the significance of these games for the communities in the eastern Mediterranean. Furthermore, we know that this was not Pergamum’s first attempt to elevate its regional prestige in the imperial period. After Augustus, the city tried to obtain their second neokoria both under Tiberius (Tacitus, Annals IV.55-56) and Gaius-Caligula (Cassius Dio, Roman History LIX.29.1). Consequently, the possibility of launching and reaching such grants depended not only on the local availability of funds or enthusiasm, but rather on imperial decisions favouring or rejecting incessant waves of petitions. For example, when Miletus asked Marcus Aurelius for sacred games, the emperor responded that his grant was unique due to concerns over the financial burdens of other candidates (I.Milet. 1075). Accordingly, both Trajan’s and the Senate’s insistence in Iulius Quadratus’s involvement became fundamental for the Pergamean success. The consul and personal friend in the imperial court wholeheartedly supported a project that was not disrupted by his son and will still facilitate the organisation of Traianeia Deiphileia in the 3^rd century CE (e.g. I.Smyrna 659; I.Napoli I 48; SEG 27.843). Besides this privileged endorsement, Pergamum made the right proposal of names and deities for these games. The association of Trajan with an amicable Zeus was positive and could reinforce the good reception of his rule and cult. The concept of “friendship” (amicitia) was an ideal propagated by Roman hegemony across the Mediterranean and reciprocally advertised by loyal provincials. In fact, Zeus Philios was prominent in Dio Chrysostom, a Bithynian rhetor contemporary of Trajan, who might have delivered speeches in front of the emperor (see I.37-41, III.86-132). Finally, with the authorisation of this new festival Trajan could also connect his policies with those of Augustus, who had previously granted neokoria and sacred games to Pergamum.

The combination of all these factors resulted in the success of Pergamum’s bid and the epigraphic and numismatic commemoration of both this process and the memory of Trajan. As a result, this dossier of documents sheds light on the complex network of favours and petitions that dominated the relations established between imperial rule and provincial communities. In this case, Trajan received an embassy, trusted the endorsement of his companion Iulius Quadratus, and induced the senatorial sanction. Then the officials of the province were informed via the emperor’s mandates and Pergamum became the first of the region in terms of international games and numbers of neocorates – compared, especially, with the single neokoria of Ephesus. Such an achievement, nonetheless, did not satiate local aspirations as the former Hellenistic capital again proposed to raise another temple of the imperial cult under Hadrian, which the emperor refused on financial grounds (SEG 59.1424). Instead, he took advantage of this opportunity to enhance the dynastic connection with his adopted father and managed to have his colossal statue placed in the same Traianeum (see Schowalter, “The Zeus Philios.