Hadrian and Erastus’s Admission to the Ephesian Council

Typology: Imperial letter

Original Location: Council house of Ephesus, proscenium

Current Location: British Museum, London [1867,1122.429]

Date: 128 CE to 129 CE

Centuries: 2nd CE

Material: Marble

Measurements: 101.6 centimetres in height, and 1.82 metres in width

Languages: Greek

Category: Roman, Greek

Publications: Die Inschriften von Ephesos V.1487 [SIG3 838]

Description: The inscription is broken in several fragments but can be restored by virtue of another surviving copy of the text [I.Eph. 1488]. Letters are elegantly and regularly carved. The first lines with the imperial titulature are larger than the rest of the document.

Edition :

This edition is based on Die Inschriften von Ephesos V, no. 1487, Bonn, Habelt, 1980.

English translation:

The translation is my own and seeks to remain as close to the Greek syntax and line separation as possible. 

Emperor Caesar, son of the god Trajan/, grandson of the god Nerva /, Trajan Hadrian Augustus, pontifex/ maximus, with tribunician powers for the 13^th time, consul for the 3^rd/, father of the fatherland, to the magistrates and council of the Ephesians, greetings//. L(ucius) Erastus says that he is your citizen, and that for many years/ he has sailed the sea, and that as much as he could from this (activity)/ he was of use to the fatherland, and that he always transported/ the authorities of the province. For me he has already sailed twice/, the first time being escorted from Ephesus to Rhodes//, and now arriving from Eleusis into your (city). He wishes to become a councillor. I do leave the examination in your hands. And, if there is no obstacle, and you consider him worthy of the honour, I will give as much fee as the councillors give for the election. Farewell! 

Translation credit:
Translation by author of the database record

Commentary:

Many letters addressed by Hadrian to communities in the eastern Mediterranean have survived (Anastasiadis, An Index, p. 278). Most of them are concerned with issues brought to him by educated diplomats and representatives. This document is special because the emperor writes not to respond to a petition but rather to request a favour. Consequently, it can shed light on certain aspects that normally escape the epigraphic representation of the relations established between Rome and its subjects.

Hadrian presents himself with a typical titulature emphasising, firstly, his dynastic connections with the adopted ancestors Trajan and Nerva (see Hekster, Emperors, p. 180-181). Secondly, the list of civil and religious offices enables us to date the document between 10^th December 128 and 9^th December 129, the period in which he held the tribunician powers for the 13^th time. This year coincides with the contemporary event recorded in line 11: Hadrian was heading from Eleusis in Greece to Ephesus in Asia. The trip was made by boat and Lucius Erastus partipated in the imperial expedition as a sea-captain (see Drew-Bear, Richard, "Hadrien et Erastos"). This was the second time that Hadrian had met this man after they travelled together from Ephesus to the island of Rhodes in 124 CE (see Halfmann, Itinera, p. 201; Birley, Hadrian, p. 172-174). From these two encounters a sentiment of gratitude had grown in the emperor and he was now trying to reward his services. Such favours for sea-captains are not unprecedented in Roman history as confirmed by the S.C. de Asclepiade or the Roman citizenship granted to Seleukos of Rhosos. In this case, the grant of Roman citizenship typical of the late Republic and early Empire does not appear to be at stake. Instead, Hadrian is concerned with the admission of Lucius Erastus to the Ephesian council (βουλή/boulê). Accordingly, Hadrian addressed his letter to this institution and the magistrates (ἄρχοντες/archontes) of the city, but not to the Ephesian people (δήμος/dêmos) as it would be customary (l. 5).

The emperor outlines the case from lines 6 to 13, introducing Lucius Erastus’ words. The sea-captain affirmed to be a citizen (πολείτης/poleitês) of Ephesus and to have been useful (χρήσιμος/chrêsimos) for his fatherland (πάτρις/patris) by virtue of his maritime operations. For instance, he had transported many Roman authorities (ἡγεμόνες/hêgemones) into the province (ἔθνος/ethnos). At the beginning of the 3^rd century CE, Caracalla ruled that governors of Asia should set foot on Ephesus first (Dig. 1.16.4.5), and the city celebrated this achievement on its coins (BMC Ionia p. 99 no. 346). Consequently, Erastus’s activities could indeed be regarded as positive and beneficial for the whole of the Ephesian community.  Moreover, Hadrian supported such claims with his personal experience and journeys. The emperor, however, does not submit his request directly, but rather puts it in the sailor’s mouth. The verb εὔχεται/euchetai (“wishes”) appears in 3^rd person singular and conveys the desire to become councillor (βουλευτής/bouleutês). This careful choice of words is particularly noteworthy as it shows respect for the local institutions. Hadrian could have just given binding instructions as attested in the edict drafted to curb the abuses of his soldiers in Asia. Instead, he addresses Ephesus on terms of alleged equality. This is most evident in the sentence recorded between lines 12 and 13. The key term is δοκιμασία/dokimasia, which was the selection process that candidates to the council had to pass (see Dmitriev, City Government, p. 154-157). If admitted, they might also have to pay an entrance fee as Pliny the Younger reports when he was governor of Bithynia-Pontus under Trajan (Letters X.112) and tried to homogenise provincial administration. This emperor, nonetheless, still recommended in this matter to follow “the law of each of the cities” (Letters X.113). His successor Hadrian was likewise aware of such local regulations and therefore leaves the matter in the hands of the Ephesians (ὑμεῖν/hymein). Indeed, the emperor even presents the possibility of encountering obstacles (ἐνποδών/enpodôn) and offers to pay for the corresponding fee (ἀργύριον/argyrion) of the election (ἀρχαιρεσία/archairesia).

Hadrian’s letter does not contain obvious language of Roman domination and subjection. While it is true that the emperor’s support almost guaranteed the success of this request, no orders are issued. Even if Hadrian had such powers, he decided to maintain a tradition of nuanced diplomacy certainly preferred by the provincial population. Greek cities in the eastern Mediterranean had constantly been under the control of foreign powers; be it the Persians, Macedonians and now the Romans. And yet, they managed to retain some prerogatives of autonomy that a Philhellenist ruler such as Hadrian could not intend to shatter. Lucius Erastus was most likely admitted to the Ephesian council, since no community in the province of Asia would have dared to dismiss an imperial endorsement. Nevertheless, the Ephesians could be both content and proud to display the amicable and respectful terms on which Hadrian had contacted them. Such a local reaction could explain that the text was inscribed not only once but, at least, twice on the walls of the council house (see above). These copies are also important because they immediately anticipate the advantageous benefactions granted by Hadrian during his second stay at the city in 129 CE, when the resources of the temple of Artemis were secured, grain from Egypt imported, and the harbour refurbished. In the second half of the same year, the emperor started moving eastwards and soon reached the Levant, visiting Arabia and Judaea in 130 CE. In this trip, traces of imperial intervention such as the arch of Gerasa and the foundation of Aelia Capitolina can be found. Nonetheless, no documents have been discovered illustrating the complex, multi-layered, and delicate balance that Rome could establish between its dominion and the respect for local institutions.