judaism_and_rome 2026-07-22T00:11:20+02:00 1 242 Inscription https://heurist.huma-num.fr/heurist/?recID=242&db=judaism_and_rome 2022-08-16 23:18:41 2025-07-22 16:56:40 public The Salutaris Foundation and the Roman Representations in Ephesus This extremely large inscription has been discovered in 5 square blocks, distributed across 6 columns, in a total of 568 lines. One block is lost. Interpunctuation is abundant and the 7 different documents of the dossier are visually separated on the stone. Letter forms are regular, with several lunate forms.   0104 0104 2711 Greek 3678 3677 3676 3675 3689 3674 3673 3672 3583 2483 <p>This extraordinarily large inscription covering one of the walls of the theatre complex in Ephesus was composed from a total of 7 documents: A) a resolution of the Ephesian people about Salutaris and his foundation; B) the text of Salutaris’s foundation itself; C) a letter of the proconsul C. Aquillius Proculus; D) a letter of the pro-praetorian legate P. Afranius Flavianus; E) a resolution of the council about the parade of statues; F) a resolution of the council about the seats of the theatre; E) and the appendix. Our edition and commentary are only concerned with selected sections of the first three documents.<br /><br />A) The assembly of citizens of Ephesus (or δῆμος/<em>dêmos</em>) adopted a resolution and the corresponding epigraphic record follows the format typical of Ephesian public procedures. The year is dated according to the local eponymous magistrate (or πρύτανις/<em>prytanis</em>), which corresponds to the Roman consulships of Sex. Attius Suburanus (II) and M. Asinius Marcellus, i.e. 104 CE. The motion was introduced by the “secretary of the people” (γραμματεὺς τοῦ δήμου/<em>grammateus tou dêmou</em>); an officer with ample political influence in the imperial period (see Schulte, <em>Die Grammateis</em>). Another prominent board of magistrates (στρατηγοί/<em>stratêgoi</em>) backed a proposal listing the many reasons for which the decree should be passed. From lines 8 to 14 there is a general preamble emphasising how necessary was to honour munificent (φιλότειμοι/<em>philoteimoi</em>) men who showed affection (στοργή/<em>storgê</em>) and did well for the city because this created competition (ἁμιλλᾶσθαι/<em>amillasthai</em>) and benefitted the cult of Artemis “from whom the most beautiful things come to all.” Subsequently, the first document shows that C. Vibius Salutaris fulfilled such honorific criteria. Like many Roman citizens in Greek cities, his career had a double nature. On the one hand, he was a member of the equestrian order probably by birth (γένει/<em>genei</em>) and, as such, he had been selected by the Roman emperor – described here as “our lord” (κύριος ἡμῶν/<em>kyrios hêmôn</em>) – for military commands and procuratorships. By virtue of many additional statue bases recording Salutaris’s equestrian path, we know that he was in charge of the harbours of Sicily, the Roman municipal grain-supply, and supervised the Asturian and Gallaecian cohort, the XII legion and the provinces of Mauritania Tingitana and Belgica (<em>I.Eph.</em> 28-37; Devijver, <em>Prosopographia Militarium, </em>p. 870-871). For some of these standard appointments, Latin fluency must be assumed. This aspect, together with C. Vibius Salutaris non-imperial names and tribe, indicate that he most likely descended from the community of Italian traders who still conducted business in Ephesus at the beginning of the 2^nd century CE (Hatzfeld, <em>Les trafiquants, </em>p. 101-104; Kirbihler, <em>Des Grecs et des Italiens</em>). The distinctive group integrated and participated in the civic life of the Greek <em>polis</em>, and, indeed, Salutaris is also described as a citizen (πολείτης/<em>poleitês</em>) and member of the local council (βουλευτικὸν συνέδριον/<em>bouleutikon synedrion</em>). The decree praises his ancestral morals (ἤθεα/<em>êthea</em>) and pious generosity (εὐσεβῶν φιλοτείμως/<em>eusebôn philoteimôs</em>), particularly towards the goddess Artemis whom the Ephesians regarded as their founder (ἀρχηγέτις/<em>archêtis</em>). The provision of images specified from lines 22 to 31 is presented as an example of such beneficial actions.<br /><br />Thanks to the detailed information provided in the dossier, we know that a total of 31 images were dedicated. The majority dealt with native themes such as the Ionian colonization, the Hellenistic foundation of Lysimachos, the cult of Artemis, and local political institutions (see Rogers, <em>The Sacred Identity</em>, p. 107-115). Only five represented Roman elements, but these were integral components of the donation: Trajan, his wife Plotina, the Senate, the equestrian order, and the Roman people. These five images were made of silver like all others in the project, except for Artemis, for which gold was used (l. 158-159). While the visual representation of emperors and gods is well attested, it is impossible to know the exact appearance of more abstract concepts. Unfortunately, none of Salutaris’s images is preserved and local coins do not provide corresponding representations of Roman motifs as they do with local entities such as the “council” and “people” (see Rogers, <em>The Sacred Identity</em>, p. 91-95). Despite these problems of interpretation, what remains clear is that Salutaris proposed a benefaction combining the dual nature of his vital career: both Roman and Ephesian.<br /><br />B) The second document records the specific clauses of Salutaris’s proposal. His text was examined between the end of 104 and the beginning of 105 CE, and the dossier confirms that everything was approved by the spring of the same year. In this case, the motion is not introduced by any Ephesian official but by Salutaris himself. This authorship explains the hyperbolic epithets bestowed on all aspects pertaining to local themes and institutions. Artemis is referred to as “the greatest goddess” (μεγίστη θέα/<em>megistê thea</em>), the council as “friend of the emperors” (φιλοσέβαστος/<em>philosebastos</em>), and the Ephesian people also as neocorate (νεώκορος/<em>neôkoros</em>). The last two adjectives are particularly interesting for assessing the impact of Rome on the Ionian settlement. Ephesus became neocorate when a new temple of the <em>Augusti </em>was completedand Domitian granted a title that was celebrated by other cities in the region, such as Aphrodisias. Our inscription confirms that the people of Ephesus had incorporated this distinction as part of their official titulature a couple of decades later. As for the denomination <em>philosebastos</em>, it needs to be connected with the series of adjectives which were first used to display affection towards the Romans (<em>philorhômaios</em>) and then became marks of imperial loyalty under emperors referred to as <em>Caesares </em>or <em>Sebastoi</em>. While such titles were widespread in the Greek East, they are particularly frequent in Ephesus in both public entities and private individuals. This type of material therefore provides substantial evidence concerning the close relationship existing between Rome and the capital of Asia. Ephesus was seat of the provincial administration and the harbour in which the proconsular governor was obliged to arrive first (<em>Digest</em> 1.16.4.5). On top of that, the community of Roman citizens was significant and many of them had prominent imperial careers already in the 1^st century CE. Once their services for Rome were completed, individuals such as Salutaris could return to their homelands, and this epigraphic monument illustrates some of the measures they could promote. Salutaris did not just seek to beautify Ephesus with statues, he also strove to transmit effective messages with his donation. This intention is particularly obvious regarding the treatment of Roman images. As recorded in lines 153-158, Salutaris wanted to take care of these himself, and then instructed the secretary of the people to carry on after his death so that “they were placed during the assemblies above the block reserved for the council among the golden Artemis, and the other images.” Without the fulfilment of this condition, the rest of his donation would become invalid; so a deliberate attempt to introduce Roman elements in the local political spectrum of Ephesus must be inferred.<br /><br />C) It is therefore not surprising that the governor Aquilius Proculus (<em>PIR²</em> A 999) commended Salutaris “for his piety (εὐσέβεια/<em>eusebeia</em>) toward the goddess and the <em>Augusti</em>, and his goodwill (εὐμένεια/<em>eumeneia</em>) toward the city, now clear to all in the theatre.” In this central space, the assembly of the citizens of Ephesus would gather, surrounded by images of local deities and institutions, as well as visual representations of Roman power (see Rogers, “The Assembly”). Accordingly, the provincial proconsul decided to set hefty fines (l. 360-365) in order to protect what he considered a hugely beneficial initiative for the city in which he resided and for the Roman emperors whom he represented. Furthermore, both he and the legate Afranius Flavianus had to authorise donations of this magnitude and kind, which may affect the financial viability of the region (l. 326-332, 370-473). For this very reason, the dossier of documents made explicit references to the resources from which Salutaris’s scheme was to be financed (l. 220-326). Such foundations started with a fixed capital endowment that was expected to increase every year, either through interest or additional funds usually supplied from landed property (Duncan-Jones, <em>The economy</em>, p. 132-138; Laum, <em>Stiftungen</em>). In this case, not only the preparation of images was to be covered but also the provision of lotteries (κλῆροι/<em>klêroi</em>) and money distributions (διανομαί/<em>dianomai</em>) among the different population groups of Ephesus (see Rogers, <em>The Sacred Identity</em>, p. 39-79). Salutaris’s foundation was not intented to become a static commemoration of native identity and imperial power, but rather a dynamic celebration involving local participation. This is confirmed by the detailed written instructions for the organisation of a parade which was to carry the images from the temple of Artemis to the theatre on the following occasions: 1) on the day when the high priest of the Asian temple in Ephesus took office, 2) during the twelve sacred and regular assembly meetings fixed by law and custom, 3) the <em>Sebasteia</em> games 4) the <em>Soteria</em> festival, 5) the penteteric Great <em>Ephesia</em>, 6) all gymnastic contests, 7) and other occasions fixed by the people and council. In total, this arrangement meant that the population of Ephesus ended up witnessing a parade through the streets almost every other week (Rogers, <em>The Sacred Identity</em>, p. 83).<br /><br />C. Vibius Salutaris had a good understanding of both Ephesian politics and Roman administration. He was citizen of a Greek <em>polis</em> that prided itself on its Ionian ancestry, Hellenistic tradition, and, above all, the prominence of its founder. “Great is Artemis of Ephesus!” the people claimed when Paul unsuccessfully tried to deliver his message to the assembly gathered in the theatre (<em>Acts </em>19:33-41). Later in the imperial period, Roman governors such as Aquillius Proculus and Fabius Persicus endorsed the greatness of a temple considered the “jewel of Asia.” Salutaris’s foundation could consequently appeal to the local population as well as reaching full official authorisation. This member of the equestrian order had benefitted from imperial prerogatives supporting his career and returned home as a distinguished benefactor with economic resources to spread his twofold ideology. On the one hand, he could be portrayed as a devoted supporter of Artemis by the local institutions. On the other hand, he was promoting Roman rule and visibility. As a result of his initiative, the Ephesians had more resources to enhance the cultic life of their city, with parades and generous pecuniary distributions attracting attention. Likewise, whenever this people decided to assemble, they were about to observe the conspicuous representation of all the constituent elements of Roman rule: the emperor and his sacred house, the people of Rome, and the Senate. Thus, the same Asian community who in the Republican age had sacrificed on the Capitol for their freedom (<em>CIL</em> I² 727 = <em>I.Eph.</em> 1394), was now capital of a Roman province and subject to the supervision of a superior power. Under Trajan, the theatre inscriptions and images provided by Salutaris confirmed this new consensual reality, for which prayers (<em>I.Eph. </em>10, l. 15 -16) and graffiti (<em>SEG</em> 55.1204) were still displayed in the 3^rd century CE. </p> governor legate Artemis local cults goddess local festival foundation piety Greek institution Roman people Roman Senate Roman emperor Trajan equestrian order Ephesus Salutaris image statue theatre Roman power consensus In-loco, and several fragments in the British Museum (1868,0620.56; 2013,5017.29) Marble The total inscribed surface would have covered 494 centimetres in width, and between 208 (left side) and 430 centimetres (right side) in height. Thickness varies heavily in the different blocks, between 12,5 and c. 20 centimetres. Letters are c. 3,5 centimetres tall in the preamble and 1,5 centimetre throughout the rest of the text. 2nd CE 5832 Theatre of Ephesus, on the south wall of the analemma 196 184 248 148 245 970 108 79 191 107 Roman Greek Die Inschriften von Ephesos no. 27 No <p align="left">This edition is based on selected parts of <em>Die Inschriften von Ephesos</em>, p. 171-194, no. 27.</p> <table style="width: 610px; height: 1468px;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">A)</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">                                              ἐπὶ π̣[ρυτ]ά̣ν̣εω[ς]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[Τ]ιβ(ερίου) Κλ(αυδίου) Ἀντιπάτρου Ἰου̣λ̣[ι]α̣νοῦ μην[ὸς]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">       Ποσειδεῶνος ϛʹ ἱστ̣αμένου.</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[ἔ]δοξε τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ νεωκόρῳ δήμῳ φ[ι]λ̣οσεβάστῳ·</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">5</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[πε]ρ̣ὶ̣ ὧν ἐνεφάνισαν Τιβ(έριος) Κλ(αύδιος), Τιβ(ερίου) Κλ(αυδίου) Ἀλεξά[νδρ]ο̣υ υἱός, [Κυρ(είνα),]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[Ἰουλιανό]ς, φιλόπατρις καὶ φιλοσέβαστο[ς, ἁγν]ός, εὐσεβής,</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[γραμματεὺς το]ῦ δήμου τὸ βʹ, καὶ οἱ στρατηγοὶ τῆ[ς] π̣ό̣[λ]ε̣ως φιλοσέ-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[βαστοι· ἐπειδὴ τοὺς] φιλοτείμους ἄνδρας περὶ τὴν [πόλ]ι̣ν καὶ κατὰ</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[πάντα ἀποδειξαμένοι]ς̣ στοργὴν γνησίων πολει[τῶν ἀ]μοιβαί-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">10</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[ων χρὴ τυχεῖν τειμῶν πρὸς] τὸ ἀπολαύειν μ̣ὲν τοὺς εὖ̣ [ποι]ή̣σαν-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[τας ἤδη τὴν πόλιν, ἀποκεῖσθαι δὲ τοῖς βο]υλομένοις περ̣[ὶ τὰ]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">ὅμοια ἁμι̣[λλᾶσθαι, ἅμα δὲ τοὺς] ἐσπουδα[κ]ό̣τας τὴν μεγίστην θε-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">ὸν Ἄρτεμιν [τειμᾶν, παρ’ ἧς γ]ε̣ίνεται πᾶσιν τ̣[ὰ] κ̣άλλιστα, καθήκε[ι]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">παρὰ τῇ πόλε[ι εὐδοκιμεῖν, Γάϊός] τε Οὐίβι[ος Σαλο]υτάριος, ἀ-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">15</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">νὴρ ἱππικῆς τά[ξε]ος, γένει καὶ ἀξίᾳ διάσημος, στρατείαις τε καὶ</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">ἐπιτροπαῖς ἀ[πὸ] τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν αὐτοκράτορος κεκοσμημένος,</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">πολείτης ἡ[μέτε]ρος καὶ τοῦ βουλευτικοῦ συνεδρίου, πρὸς πα[τρός]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[τε ἀγ]αθῇ χρώμ̣[ενος δι]αθέσι, ὡς καὶ τὰς ἀπὸ τῆς τύχης ἐπὶ τὸ κρε̣[ῖσ]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[σον] π̣ροκοπὰς κοσ[μεῖν τῇ] τῶν ἠθῶν σεμνότητι, εὐσεβῶν μὲν φιλοτεί-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">20</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[μως] τὴν ἀρχηγέτιν πο[ικίλ]α̣ις μὲν ἐπινοίαις ἐσπούδακεν περὶ τὴν θρησ̣-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[κείαν,] μεγαλοψύχο[ις δὲ] καθιερώσεσιν τὴν πόλιν κα̣τ̣ὰ̣ πᾶν τετε[ίμη]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">κεν, προσ[έτι δὲ καὶ νῦν προσελθ]ὼ̣ν εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν ὑπέσχε[το ἐννέα ἀ]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">πεικονίσ[ματα καθιερώσειν,] ἓν μὲν χρύσεον, ἐν ᾧ καὶ ἀργ[ύρεα]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">ἐπίχρυσα, ἕτ̣[ερα δὲ ἀργύρεα] ἀ̣πεικονίσματα ὀκτώ, εἰ[κόνας τε]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">25</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">ἀ̣ργυρέας εἴ[κοσι, πέντε μὲν] τοῦ κ[υ]ρίου ἡμῶν αὐ[τοκράτορος]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">Νέρουα Τραϊα[νοῦ Καίσαρος Σ]ε̣β̣α̣στ̣οῦ Γερμανικοῦ, Δ̣[ακικοῦ, καὶ]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">τῆς ἱερωτάτ[ης γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ Πλ]ωτείνης καὶ τῆς ἱερ[ᾶς συνκλήτου]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">κ̣αὶ τοῦ Ῥω[μαίων ἱππικοῦ τάγμα]το̣ς καὶ δήμου, [τούτων δὲ χω]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">ρὶ̣ς εἰκόν[ας δεκαπέντε Ἐφεσίω]ν τὴν π̣όλιν προσ[ωποποιούσας,]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">30</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[το]ῦ δή̣μ[ου καὶ τῶν ἓξ φυλῶν κα]ὶ βου̣[λῆ]ς καὶ γερ̣[ουσίας καὶ ἐφη]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">βεία̣[ς <em>κτλ.</em>]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">B)</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">           Σέξτ[ῳ Ἀττίῳ]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">135</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">Σουβ̣ο̣υρανῷ τ̣[ὸ βʹ, Μάρκῳ Ἀσινίῳ]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">Μα[ρκέλλῳ ὑπάτοις, ... Ἰαν(ουαρι...)·]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[ἐπὶ πρυτάνεως Τιβ(ερίου) Κλ(αυδίου) Ἀντιπάτρου Ἰουλιανοῦ,]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[μηνὸς Ποσειδεῶνος ...ʹ ἱσταμένου.]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">Γάϊος [Οὐείβιος, Γ(αΐου) υἱός, Οὐωφεντείνα, Σαλουτάριος διάτα]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">140</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">ξιν εἰ[σφέρει τῇ Ἐφεσίων βουλῇ φιλοσεβάστῳ καὶ τῷ νεοκόρῳ]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">Ἐφεσίω[ν δήμῳ φιλοσεβάστῳ, περὶ ὧν καθιέρωκεν ἐπὶ]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">ταῖς ὑπ̣[ογεγραμμέναις οἰκονομίαις τῇ μεγίστῃ θεᾷ Ἐφεσίᾳ Ἀρ]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">τέμιδ[ι καὶ τῷ νεοκόρῳ Ἐφεσίων δήμῳ φιλοσεβάστῳ καὶ]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">τῇ Ἐφ[εσίων βουλῇ φιλοσεβάστῳ καὶ τῇ Ἐφεσίων γερουσίᾳ]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">145</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">φ[ιλοσεβάστῳ καὶ ταῖς ἓξ Ἐφεσίων φυλαῖς καὶ τοῖς κατ’ ἐνιαυτὸν]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[Ἐφεσίων ἐφήβοις καὶ τοῖς θεολόγοις καὶ ὑμνῳδοῖς καὶ τοῖς νεο]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[ποιοῖς καὶ σκηπτούχοις καὶ τοῖς αἰεὶ ἐσομένοις Ἐφεσίων]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[παισὶν καὶ παιδωνόμοις ἀπεικονισμάτων τῆς θεοῦ ἐννέα, ἑ]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[νὸς μὲν χρυσέου, τῶν δὲ λοιπῶν ἀργυρέων, καὶ εἰκόνων ἀργυρέων]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">150</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[εἴκοσι καὶ δηναρίων δισμυρίων, ἐφ’ ᾧ εἰκὼν ἀργυρέα τοῦ κυρίου]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[ἡμῶν Αὐτοκράτορος Καίσαρος Νέρουα Τραϊαν]ο[ῦ Σεβαστοῦ, Γερ]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[μανικοῦ, Δακικοῦ, ὁλκῆς λειτρῶν ...ʹ,] οὐ̣νκι̣ῶν γʹ, καί εἰκὼν [ἀργυρέα]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[Πλ]ω̣[τείνης Σεβαστῆς, ὁλ]κ̣ῆς λειτρῶν γʹ, νεοκορῶνται πα[ρ’ αὐτῶι]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">Σαλο[υταρίωι] τῶι κ[αθι]ερωκότι, μετὰ δὲ τὴν Σαλουταρίο[υ τελευτὴν]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">155</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">ἀποδοθ[ῶ]σιν αἱ προδηλούμεναι εἰκόνες τῶι Ἐφεσίων γραμμ[ατεῖ ἐπὶ τῶι]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">προγεγραμμένωι σταθμῶι ἀπὸ τῶν κληρονόμων αὐτοῦ, ὥ[στε καὶ αὐ]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">τὰς τίθε[σ]θαι ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις ἐπάνω τῆς σελίδος τῆς βουλ[ῆς μετὰ τῆς]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">χρυσέας Ἀρτέμιδος καὶ τῶν ἄλλων εἰκόνων.  Ἄρτεμις δὲ χρυσ[έα, ὁλκῆς]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">λειτρῶν τριῶν καὶ αἱ περὶ αὐτὴν ἀργύρεοι ἔλαφοι δύο καὶ τὰ λοιπ[ὰ ἐπίχρυσα,]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">160</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">ὁλκῆς λειτρῶν δύο, οὐνκιῶν δέκα, γραμμάτων πέντε, καὶ εἰ[κὼν ἀργυ]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">ρέ̣[α τῆ]ς ἱερᾶς συνκλήτου, ὁλκῆς λειτρῶν δʹ, οὐνκιῶν βʹ, καὶ εἰ[κὼν ἀργυ]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">ρ̣[έα τῆ]ς φιλοσεβάστου καὶ σεμνοτάτης Ἐφεσίων βουλῆς, ὁ[λκῆς λει]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[τρῶ]ν δʹ, γραμάτων θʹ, τὰ καὶ αὐτὰ καθιερωμένα τῇ τε Ἀρτέμιδι [καὶ τῇ φιλο]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">σ̣[εβ]άστῳ Ἐφεσίων βουλῆι.  ὁμοίως καὶ ἀργυρέα Ἄρτεμις λα[μπαδηφό]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">165</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">ρ[ο]ς, ὁλκῆς λ̣  ζʹ, καὶ εἰκὼν ἀργυρέα τοῦ δήμου τοῦ Ῥωμαίων, [ὁλκῆς λ̣   ...ʹ,]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">καὶ εἰκὼν ἀργυρέα τῆς φιλοσεβάστου γερουσίας, ὁλκῆς λ̣   [...ʹ, τὰ καὶ]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">αὐτὰ καθιερωμένα τῇ τε Ἀρτέμιδι καὶ τῇ Ἐφεσίων γερουσίᾳ. <em>κτλ.</em></div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">C</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">      [ἐπὶ πρυτ]άνεως Τιβ(ερίου)</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">        [Κλαυδίου Ἀντι]πάτρου Ἰου̣λιανοῦ,</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">335</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">                 [μηνὸς] Ποσειδεῶνος.</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[Ἀκουίλλιος Πρόκλος, ὁ λαμπρό]τατος, Ἐφεσ[ί]ων ἄρχ<ο>υσι,</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">                         [βουλῇ, δήμῳ] χαίρειν.</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[Οὐείβιον Σαλουτάριον ὄντ]α τοῖς τε ἄλ[λο]ις πᾶσι[ν]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[πολείτην ἄριστον καὶ πρό]τερον ἐν πολλ̣[ο]ῖς τῆς ἑαυ-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">340</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[τοῦ φιλοτειμίας πολλά τε καὶ οὐ]χ ὡς ἔτυχεν π[αρε]σχημένον</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[παραδείγματα εἰδώς, ὥσπερ] ἦν ἄξιον, ἐν τοῖς [οἰκ]ειοτάτο̣[ι]ς</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[ἡμῶν εἶχον φίλοις· νῦν δέ, ἐ]πεὶ τὴν μὲν πόλ[ιν προῄ]ρηται</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[μεγίστοις τε καὶ ἀξιολογω]τάτοις δώροι̣[ς κοσ]μῆσαι με-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[γαλοπρεπῶς εἰς τειμὴν τῆς] τε ἐπιφανε̣[στάτη]ς καὶ μεγίσ-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">345</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[της θεᾶς Ἀρτέμιδος καὶ το]ῦ̣ οἴκου [τῶν Σεβασ]τ̣ῶν καὶ τῆς</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[ὑμετέρας πόλεως, τοῖς δὲ πολείταις εἰς διανο]μ̣ὰς καὶ κλή-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[ρους καθιέρωκε δην(άρια) δισμύρια, νομίζω καὶ ὑμᾶς,] ἐφ’ οἷς ἤδη</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[πεποίηκεν ὑμεῖν καὶ νῦν ἐπανγέλλεται ἀγαθοῖ]ς, χρῆναι τῇ τε</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[φιλοτειμίᾳ αὐτοῦ ἀνταποδοῦναι καὶ τῇ εὐμεν]είᾳ, ἃ πρὸς</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">350</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[τειμὴν αὐτοῦ ἐψηφίσατε. συνήδομαι δ’ ὑμεῖν εἰς τὸ ἐπαι]νέσαι τε τὸν</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[ἄνδρα καὶ ἀξιῶσαι αὐτὸν δικαίας παρ’ ἡμεῖ]ν̣ μαρτυρίας</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[πρὸς τὸ καὶ πλείους γενέσθαι τοὺς κατὰ τὰ] δυνατὰ προ-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[θυμουμένους εἰς τὰ ὅμοια. τὰ δὲ ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ καθιε]ρούμενα χρή-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[ματα καὶ τὰ ἀπεικονίσματα τῆς θεοῦ καὶ τὰ]ς̣ εἰκόνας η τισ</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">355</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[- - -]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[․․c.7․․]χε[․․․․c.12․․․․]αισ[...]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[․]εταιονδε[․․․c.10․․․]εχρησ[...]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[․]ε οὐδένα β[ούλομαι νυ]νὶ τρόπ[ῳ οὐδενὶ οὔτε παρευρέσει οὐ]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[δ]εμιᾷ μετ[αθεῖναι ἢ π]αραλλά[ξαι τι τῶν ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ διατεταγμέ]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">360</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[ν]ων· εἰ δ[έ τις ἐπι]χειρήσ̣ει ἢ λῦσ[αι ἢ παραλλάξαι τι τῶν]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[ὑ]φ’ ὑμῶ[ν διὰ το]ύτου το̣[ῦ ψηφίσματος κυρωθησομένων]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[ἢ] εἰσ[ηγ]ή̣σασθαί τι τοιοῦ̣τ̣ο̣ν̣ [πειράσει, ὑποκείσθω εἰς προσ]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[κ]όσ[μ]η̣σιν τῆς κυρίας Ἀρτέμιδ[ος δη(ναρίοις) ͵ε καὶ εἰς τὸν ἱε]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[ρ]ώτατον φίσκον ἄλλοις δη(ναρίοις) δισμυρίοις πεντακισχειλίοις καὶ]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left">365</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[οὐ]δὲν ἔλαττον ἔστω ἄκυρον ἅ[παν τὸ παρὰ τὴν] καθιέ̣[ρωσιν.  συν]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[ή]δο{ι}μ<α>ι δὲ αὐτῷ εἰς τὸ πᾶσιν [νῦν φανερὰν γενέ]σθαι τή̣[ν]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[τ]ε πρὸς τὴν θεὸν εὐσέβειαν̣ [καὶ τὴν πρὸς τοὺς Σ]ε̣βαστοὺ[ς]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">[κ]αὶ τὴν πρὸς τὴν πόλιν εὐ[μένειαν αὐτοῦ ἐν τ]ῷ̣ θεάτρῳ.</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="43"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="489"> <div align="left">ἔρρ[ωσθε.]</div> </td> </tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;">I reproduce the translation of Rogers, Guy M., <em>The sacred identity of Ephesos: foundation myths of a Roman city</em>, London, Routledge, 1991, p. 153, 155, 159, 161, 173.<br /><br />A) In the prytany of Tib. Cl. Antipater Iulianus, on the sixth day of the month of Poseideon. It was resolved by the boule and the neokorate loyal demos. About the things Tib. Cl. Iulianus, the son of Tib. Cl. Alexander, from the tribe Quirina, a patriot and loyal, pure, pious, secretary of the demos for the second time, and the loyal generals of the city reported: Since men who are munificent in the case of the city, and on every occasion show the affection of genuine citizens, should have honors corresponding to the enjoyment of those who have done well to the city in the past, and is laid up for those who are wishing to rival them about similar things, and corresponding at the same time to the enjoyment of those who have been zealous to honor the greatest goddess Artemis, from whom the most beautiful things come to all, it is fitting for them to be honoured by the city, and Caius Vibius Salutaris, a man of the equestrian order, conspicuous by birth and personal worth, and adorned with military commands and procuratorships by our lord emperor, a citizen of our city and a member of the bouleutic council, regulating his life well as his father did, since, to crown his prosperity from fortune to the better by the gravity of his morals, piously making donations he has been zealous about the foundress with diverse plans about the cult, and with generous dedications has honoured the city in every way, and further now coming forward in the assembly he has promised to dedicate nine type-statues, one of gold, on which is gold-gilded silver, and eight other type-statues, and twenty silver images, five of our lord emperor Nerva Trajan Caesar Augustus Germanicus Dacicus and his most revered wife Plotina and the revered Senate and the Roman equestrian order and the Roman people, and apart from these fifteen statues representing the city of the Ephesians, of the demos and the six tribes and the boule and the gerousia and the ephebeia.<br /><br />B) When Sextus Attius Suburanus for the second time, and Marcus Asinius Marcellus were consuls on the ... day of January. During the prytany of Tib. Cl. Antipater Iulianus, on the ... day of Poseideon. Caius Vibius Salutaris, the son of Caius, from the tribe Oufentina, proposes to bequest to the loyal boule of the Ephesians, and to the loyal neokorate demos of the Ephesians, concerning the things he dedicated on the conditions written below, to the greatest goddess Ephesian Artemis, and to the neocorate loyal demos of the Ephesians, and to the loyal boule of the Ephesians, and to the loyal gerousia of the Ephesians, and to the six tribes of the Ephesians, and to the annual ephebes of the Ephesians, and to the theologoi, and to the hymnodoi, and to the neopoioi, and to the beadles, and to the future paides of the Ephesians, and to the paidonomoi, nine type-statues of the goddess, one of gold, the remaining silver, and twenty silver images, and 20,000 denarii, on the condition that the silver image of our lord Emperor Caesar Nerva Trajan Augustus Germanicus Dacicus, weight of... pounds, 3 ounces, and a silver image of Plotina Augusta, weight of 3 pounds, to be cared for by Salutaris himself the dedicator, and after the death of Salutaris the aforesaid images to be delivered to the secretary of the Ephesians at the aforesaid weight by his heirs, that these be placed during the assemblies above the block of the boule among the golden Artemis, and the other images. A golden Artemis, weight of 3 pounds, and the two silver stags about her and the rest gold gilded, weight of 2 pounds, 10 ounces, 5 grammes, and a silver image of the revered Senate, weight of 4 pounds, 2 ounces, and a silver image of the loyal and solemn boule of the Ephesians, weight of 4 pounds, 9 grammes, these same things dedicated to Artemis, and to the loyal boule of the Ephesians. Equally a silver Artemis the Torch-bearer, weight of 7 pounds, and a silver image of the demos of the Romans, weight of... pounds, and a silver image of the loyal gerousia, weight of... pounds, these same things dedicated to Artemis, and to the gerousia of the Ephesians.<br /><br />C) In the prytany of Tib. Cl. Antipater Iulianus, the month of Poseideon. Aquilius Proculus, <em>vir clarissimus</em>, to the archons of the Ephesians, to the boule, to the demos, greetings. Knowing that Vibius Salutaris was an excellent citizen in all other respects and that he had previously furnished numerous and extraordinary examples of his munificence, I held him among the most intimate friends, as was proper. And now, since he has decided to adorn the city magnificently with the greatest and most remarkable gifts for the honor of the most manifest and greatest goddess Artemis, and of the house of the emperors, and of your city, and has dedicated 20,000 denarii to the citizens for distributions and lotteries, I think, for the good things he has already done for you and now announces you are right to give, in return for his munificence and goodwill, the things you have voted in his honor. I congratulate you for having praised this man, and for having deemed him worthy of just commendation from us, with a view toward there being more who, according to capabilities, are enthusiastic for similar things. As for the money dedicated by him, and the type-statues of the goddess and the images [...]. I wish no one now in any way, or under any pretext, to alter, or to change any of the things arranged by him. And if anyone attempts either to rescind or change any of the things ratified by you through this decree, or tries to introduce any such thing, let him be liable for 25,000 denarii toward the further adornment of lady Artemis, and another 25,000 denarii to the most holy fiscus, and every act contrary to the dedication will be nonetheless invalid. May I congratulate him that his piety toward the goddess and the Augusti, and his goodwill toward the city in the theatre now become clear to all. Farewell.   </p> Yes Caius Vibius Salutaris, an Ephesian member of the equestrian order, establishes a foundation in which images of the Roman emperors, the Roman people, and the Senate are prepared. πολίτης διανομή κλῆρος ψήφισμα εὐσέβεια εὐμένεια θέατρον πρύτανις νεώκορος δῆμος φιλόπατρις φιλοσέβαστος φιλότιμος στοργή θεός ἱππικῆς τάξις αὐτοκράτωρ συνέδριον ἔθνος στρατεία ἀρχηγέτις πόλις εἰκών χρύσεος ἄργυρος κύριος Τραιανός ἱερός σύγκλητος δῆμος Ῥωμαίων γερουσία γραμματεύς ἐκκλησία λίτρα λαμπρός φίλος Aitor Blanco Pérez English Dossier of local documents Yes 107 108 118 132 144 168 191 195 196 222 228 248 295 317 1