judaism_and_rome 2026-05-30T13:55:26+02:00 1 237 Inscription https://heurist.huma-num.fr/heurist/?recID=237&db=judaism_and_rome 2022-08-16 23:18:41 2025-07-22 16:56:40 public Antoninus Pius, Opramoas, and Lycia The very long dossier of documents (see below) was inscribed on twenty columns, each with an average of 102 lines, which stood on the walls of what appears to be Opramoas’ Mausoleum. 0151 0151 3967 Greek 3831 2546 3419 2545 2721 2544 <p>This letter sent by the emperor Antoninus Pius is just one of the 70 documents included in a very long dossier carved on the walls of a small building next to the theatre of <a href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/639078">Rhodiapolis</a>. The honours and benefactions of a citizen of this small settlement on the Lycian peninsula (southern Anatolia) called Opramoas are recorded across the approximately 2000 lines of text preserved. Thus this epigraphic monument constitutes the largest testimony of euergetism in the eastern Mediterranean during the Roman imperial period. This dossier, moreover, illustrates the high degree of communication and interaction existing between Rome, the provincial elites, and the local institutions in which such actions took place.<br /><br />As customary in imperial correspondence, the epistle opens with the names and titles of the emperor. Antoninus Pius is firstly mentioned with his dynastical pedigree that originated in Galba and continued with Trajan and Hadrian by virtue of adoptive inheritance (see Hekster, <em>Emperors and Ancestors</em>, p. 78-95). The subsequent list of civic and religious offices dates the document to 151 CE, which corresponds to the 14^th time in which he held tribunician powers. The emperor did not address his letter to Opramoas’s fatherland but to the magistrates (ἄρχοντες/<em>archontes</em>), council (βουλή/<em>boulê</em>), and people (δῆμος/<em>dêmos</em>) of a neighbouring Lycian city called Korydalla [https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/638937]. The procedure of the communication is, nonetheless, standard. Antoninus Pius was reacting to a diplomatic mission that this community sent to report a noteworthy action; in this case, the benefactions performed (φιλοτειμεῖται/<em>philoteimeitai</em>) by Opramoas, son of Apollonios. The imperial response is not as expected because the Roman ruler notes that he was already aware of such euergetic actions. Previously, other cities affected by an earthquake (σεισμός/<em>seismos</em>) had already reached him. Even the provincial governor had sent a related decree (ψήφισμα/<em>psêphisma</em>). The gigantic length of Opramoas’s dossier is precisely due to this constant effort in either honouring or communicating Opramoas’s actions. Therefore, our letter needs to be read in the context of the whole dossier and not as a single instance.<br /><br />As remarked above, the monument records documents from various sources, including the imperial chancellery, the offices of the provincial governor and many cities of the region besides Korydalla or Rhodiapolis. As such, one must understand that these were not the walls of a public archive but rather a private collection seeking to memorialise the deeds of just one man. This biased composition explains the extremely positive image of Opramoas transmitted and the fact that the documents are well spread both temporarily and geographically. The first secure testimony is dated to 139 CE and our letter corresponds to the latest group, probably soon before Opramoas’s death in the early 150’s. As for geographical distribution, virtually all the cities of the region are represented and, naturally, the commonalty (or <em>koinon</em>) of Lycians which was reinstated by Claudius when this territory became a Roman province. The relevance of the latter institution is also confirmed in our letter since the regional high-priest (ἀρχιερεύς/<em>archiereus</em>), Antichares II, appears as eponymous magistrate (see Reitzenstein, <em>Die lykischen Bundespriester</em>, p. 72-79). Opramoas had also completed this and other related offices from an early stage as confirmed by the frequent honours that the <em>koinon </em>dedicated to him (Kokkinia, <em>Die Opramoas-Inschrift, </em>p. 213-224). A similar degree of reciprocity needs to be inferred from the honours granted individually by the cities of Lycia. According to the dossier, this person alone spent several hundred thousand <em>denarii</em> on their civic activities (Kokkinia, <em>Die Opramoas-Inschrift, </em>p. 213-224). It should therefore not come as a surprise that Opramoas claimed to “have been granted the citizenship of all cities in Lycia” (πολειτευόμενος ἐν ταῖς κατὰ Λυκίαν πόλεσι πάσαις/ <em>poleiteuomenos en tais kata Lykian polesi pasais</em>).<br /><br />Opramoas’s benefactions on behalf of Korydalla and the cities affected by the earthquake followed an euergetic attitude that was remembered for many years. Actually, the information recorded in other parts of the dossier enables us to establish a date for this natural catastrophe before 143 – most probably 141 CE (Kokkinia, <em>Die Opramoas-Inschrift, </em>p. 168-169). Nevertheless, not only this local remembrance is to be highlighted but even more the fact that Antoninus Pius could still refer to the event in connection with this Lycian man almost a decade later. This imperial awareness can justify, to a certain extent, Opraomas’s enthusiasm for his benefactions. As the dossier illustrates on multiple occasions, the communities and institutions benefitting from such acts send testimonies (or μαρτυρία/<em>martyria</em>) to the Roman authorities in order to communicate their gratitude (see Kokkinia, “Letters of Roman Authorities”). The mission sent by Korydalla and replied by Antoninus Pius belongs to this category. In other words, Opramoas could expect to attract imperial attention by standing out in his local career. The equestrian governor Rupilius Severus (<em>PIR</em>¹ III 151; cf. Eck, “Prosopographica III”) accordingly celebrates Opramoas’s benefactions and even mediates with the emperor following a procedure that is also confirmed by Pliny when he was governor of Bithynia-Pontus. Both through the local testimonies and the governor’s decrees dispatched, Antoninus Pius could notice the activities of a man who particularly promoted constructions; exactly the stance that the emperor praised in the Ephesian benefactor, Vedius Antoninus. Probably as a consequence of all these positive reports for Opramoas, Antoninus Pius decided to put him in charge of the accounts of Limyra, as he states in a letter sent to this city (XII B). Under such imperial support and recognition, it is interesting to note that Opramoas was never granted Roman citizenship. This point has attracted scholarly attention as it would indicate that Antoninus Pius was not prodigal in such enfranchisements (see Heller, “Greek citizenship in the Roman Empire: political participation, social status and identities”). However, even if Opramoas may have unsuccessfully aspired for such a distinction, it must be observed that this peregrine managed to surpass many compatriots (including his enemy Jason from Kyneai, also praised by Antoninus Pius: <em>IGRR</em> III.704) in wealth and, especially, in grateful honours. Indeed, as a result of his benefactions his name had not only reached the emperor at Rome (ἀπὸ Ῥώμης/<em>apo Rômês</em>) but also the provincial governors and, perhaps most importantly, the favour of compatriots who allowed a monument dedicated to his heroic memorialisation next to the theatre of Rhodiapolis. </p> Antoninus Pius Opraomas Lycia Korydalla Rhodiapolis benefactor letter Roman rule administration testimony euergetism earthquake In-situ (Turkey) Limestone The three outer walls on which the text was inscribed are 8 metres high and 7 metres wide 2nd CE 5832 Mausoleum of Opramoas in the Lycian city of Rhodiapolis 142 195 Roman Greek Kokkinia, Christina, Die Opramoas-Inschrift von Rhodiapolis: Euergetismus und soziale Elite in Lykien, Bonn: Habelt, 2000 [TAM II.905] No <p align="left">This edition is based on the most recent revision of the inscription provided by Kokkinia, Christina, <em>Die Opramoas-Inschrift von Rhodiapolis: Euergetismus und soziale Elite in Lykien, </em>Bonn: Habelt, 2000, p. 51-52. </p> <table style="width: 464px;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="41"> <div>XII C</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="423"> <div>Αὐτοκ[ράτωρ Καῖσαρ, θεοῦ] Ἁδριανοῦ υἱός, [θ]ε̣οῦ Τραιανοῦ Παρθικοῦ</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="41"> <div> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="423"> <div>υἱω[νός, θεοῦ Νέρουα ἔ]γ̣γονος, Τίτος Α[ἴ]λιος Ἁδριανὸς Ἀντωνεῖνος̣</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="41"> <div>10</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="423"> <div>Σεβ[αστός, ἀρχιερεὺς] μ̣<έ>γιστος, δημαρ[χ]ικῆς ἐξουσίας τὸ  ιδʹ,</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="41"> <div> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="423"> <div>αὐ[τοκράτωρ τὸ βʹ, ὕπ]ατος τὸ [δʹ], πατὴρ πατρίδος Κορυ-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="41"> <div> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="423"> <div>δα[λλέων τοῖς ἄρχουσι καὶ] τῇ βουλῇ κα[ὶ τ]ῷ δήμῳ χαίρειν. τίνα̣</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="41"> <div>XII D</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="423"> <div>[τρόπον καὶ νῦν Ὀπραμόα]ς Ἀπολλωνίου φιλοτειμ̣[εῖ]τ̣αι π̣ερ[ὶ ὑ]μᾶς,</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="41"> <div> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="423"> <div>[ἔμαθον ἐξ ὧν ὑμεῖς μοι ἐπε]στείλατε· ὡς δὲ καὶ πρὸς τὰς ἄλλας ἐφι-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="41"> <div> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="423"> <div>[λοτειμήσατο πόλεις τὰς τῷ] σεισμῷ πεπονηκυίας, με̣[μ]αθήκειν ἐκ τῶν</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="41"> <div> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="423"> <div>[ὑπ’ ἐκείνων ἐψηφισμένων. τ]ὸ ψήφισμα ἔπεμψε Ῥο[υ]πίλιος Σεουῆ-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="41"> <div> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="423"> <div>[ρος, ὁ κράτιστος τοῦ ἔθνου]ς ἡγεμών εὐτυχεῖτε. πρὸ  αʹ ἰ(δῶν)</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="41"> <div>5</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="423"> <div>[----------- ἀπὸ Ῥώμης. ὑποτέ]τ̣ακται  ἐπὶ ἀρχι(ερέος) Ἀντι[χ]άρου δὶς</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="41"> <div> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="423"> <div>[Ξ]α̣νδικοῦ  ϛʹ</div> </td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>The translation is my own. It seeks to remain as close to the original Greek line separation and syntax as possible.  </p> <p>The emperor Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrian Antoninus Augustus, son of the god Hadrian, and grandson of the god Trajan Parthicus, and descendant of the god Nerva, <em>pontifex maximus</em>, with tribunician powers for the 14^th time, <em>imperator </em>for the 2^nd, consul for the 4^th, father of the fatherland, to the council and people of Korydalla. The way in which also now Opramoas, son of Apollonios, makes benefactions on your behalf I have learnt from what you have written to me. And, that he also made benefactions for the other cities damaged by the earthquake I had learnt through their resolutions. Rupilius Severus, the <em>clarissimus</em> governor of the province, sent me a decree; good health to you. On the first day before the Ides, from Rome. This was appended in the high-priesthood of Antichares II, on the day 6^th of Xandikos.  </p> Translation by author of the database record Yes Antoninus Pius acknowledges the euergetic actions of a benefactor from Lycia. Ἀντωνεῖνος ἄρχων βουλή δῆμος φιλοτιμέομαι σεισμός ψήφισμα ἡγεμών μανθάνω αὐτοκράτωρ Aitor Blanco Pérez English Imperial letter Yes 142 183 1