The Arch of Gaius at Pisa (CIL XI, 1421) [ Marble ]

judaism_and_rome 2026-07-22T04:11:07+02:00 1 225 Inscription https://heurist.huma-num.fr/heurist/?recID=225&db=judaism_and_rome The Arch of Gaius at Pisa (CIL XI, 1421) [ Marble ] 2022-08-16 23:18:41 2025-07-22 16:56:40 public The Arch of Gaius at Pisa (CIL XI, 1421) White marble tablet with a border along the left side and the bottom, at a lower level than the inscription it contains. Fragmented in two pieces but restored. The first six lines, and an introductory heading containing the date and meeting-place of the local senate, are lost. 0004 0004 5218 Latin 3375 5533 5532 5531 5530 5529 5528 This inscription was set up in the Roman colony at Pisa to commemorate the death of Augustus’s grandson Gaius, in Lycia in 4 CE. Formerly the Etruscan town of Pisae, the Pisans had invited Rome to establish a colony there in 180 BCE, with the colonists themselves receiving the Latin rights (Livy, On the Foundation of the City, XXXX.43); it was merged, as other coloniae Latinae as a municipium in the lex Iulia of 89 BCE, but Augustus may have settled a new colony there, as indicated by the full colonial title that it then received, colonia Obsequens Iulia Pisana.This kind of honorific commemoration of Gaius was not unusual; public honours - in the form of “Consolatory Decrees” - for those deemed worthy of some kind of recognition but who were not eligible for statues or altars - had been common in Naples and the Greek cities of southern Italy for some time, but they were not limited only to those who belonged to municipalities themselves (Sherk, Municipal Decrees, p. 75. See also nos. 29-32; 35; 63). As with the inscription set up in honour of Gaius here in Pisa, certain communities took it upon themselves to demonstrate their loyalty to the imperial family by independently honouring the emperor and his family; not only did this draw positive attention to the town or locality, but it also established a tangible connection with the leading figures in Rome. As Robert Sherk has noted, these honours were not simply acts of ostentation; certain figures in the imperial family had special resonance in the colonies and municipia and there may have been sincere motives of gratitude or devotion behind the act of commemoration (Sherk, Municipal Decrees, p. 75). This may well have been the case in Pisa, where Gaius and Lucius were the patrons of the colony, the colonia Obsequens Iulia Pisana, and where the death of Lucius, Gaius’s brother, two years earlier had been similarly honoured (see CIL XI, 1420). The decree from 4 CE is more fulsome in its praise of Gaius than that passed in honour of Lucius in 2 CE. Although both brothers were patrons of the colony, the achievements of Gaius are celebrated here in almost poetic language: “snatched away from the Roman people by the cruel fates” (crudelibus fatis ereptum populo Romano). It is clear from the text that the loss of a member of Augustus’s family is equivalent to a loss for the Roman people as a whole. Indeed, when alive, Caius and Lucius had been declared principes iuventutis (“princes of youth”) by Augustus, taking a crucial role in his main ideological themes and particularly in his celebration of renewal and youth, and even depicted on the Ara Pacis as Romulus (Lucius) and Ascanius (Caius). Their deaths were therefore devastating, both to Augustus’s dynastical plan and the ideological messages that he had already begun to include them in (see A<a href="https://heurist.huma-num.fr/judaism_and_rome/tpl/public-record/961" target="_blank">ra Pacis (13-9 BCE)_Reliefs</a>).The inscription is organised into several sections: Lines 1-6 (which were also originally preceded by another line, now lost) contain the date and meeting place of the local senate in Pisa. The twelve men involved in writing the decree are listed by name, but we are told in lines 5-6 that there is an unusual political situation: there are no magistrates (the duumviri who sat at the head of town council) because of “disputes concerning the candidates” (propter contentiones candidato/rum). This makes the decision to honour Gaius so fully more remarkable; in a situation of some instability in Pisa, the people of the colony were still motivated to honour his loss and to prioritise it above their own local anxieties, perhaps in an attempt not to appear ‘slow’ in responding to a time of crisis (Cooley, Age of Augustus, p. 223). Lines 7-17 are concerned with how the news of Gaius’s death was delivered to the colony. A long clause is introduced by “cum” (‘since’), which describes the circumstances of Gaius’s death following wounds received when “waging war beyond the furthest boundaries of the Roman people” (ultra finis extremas popu/li Romani bellum gerens). Gaius is cast here as the natural successor to Augustus, executing his “state duties properly” (peregerat bene gesta re publica) and even sharing with him the same virtues (ac simillumum parentis sui virtutibus). It is clear that the colony in Pisa had understood the importance of Gaius as the heir of Augustus and that his suitability to govern had been carefully propagated outside of Rome.Lines 17-24 introduce the different ways that the community of Pisa will honour Gaius’s memory. The decision has been taken collectively amongst the members of the town council and the colonists, due to the lack of duumviri and prefects, again indicating the unanimity with which the Pisans approached this honorific behaviour. The specifications for how to honour his death included a period of mourning, during which the temples, baths and shops of the town must all be closed, and all must abstain from banqueting (ne quod sacrificium publicum neve quae suppli/ cationes nive sponsalia nive convivia publica postea). The anniversary of his death, 21 February, is also to be commemorated annually; the text here makes an important comparison that indicates the severity of the loss felt by the Pisans. It states that the anniversary should be remembered as “equivalent to the day of Allia” (diemque eum quo die Caius Caesar obiit qui dies est ante diem VIIII Kalendas Martias pro Alliensi), setting Gaius’s death on a par with one of the worst setbacks ever suffered by Rome, their defeat by the Gauls at the River Allis in 390 BCE which subsequently led to the sack of Rome (Cooley, Age of Augustus, p. 223). This is an extraordinary comparison, which may demonstrate the extent to which the loss of Augustus’s heir presumptive was considered a catastrophic not only the imperial family, but to the security of Rome and her people as a whole. The extreme nature of the comparison may simply, however, have been an exercise in rhetorical expression, designed to display the exemplary loyalty of the colony.The final honorific act decided upon by the town council and the colonists was the construction of a monumental arch with which to remember Gaius. It was ordered to be set up at the “most frequented place in our colony” (utique ianus celeberrimo coloniae nostrae loco constituatur), which Fred Kleiner has interpreted as the forum (The Arch of Gaius Caesar at Pisa, p. 158). The practice of setting up monumental arches in fora is well documented in the first century BCE-CE, with Augustus himself having set up two at the south-eastern end of the Forum Romanum in 29 and 19 BCE, to commemorate the victory at Actium and the return of the Parthian standards respectively (Kleiner, The Arch of Gaius Caesar, p. 158. For these arches see Coarelli, Rome and its environs, p. 79-81. See also <a href="https://heurist.huma-num.fr/judaism_and_rome/tpl/public-record/456" target="_blank">Denarius of Augustus depicting the Parthian triumphal arch (18-17 BCE)</a>; <a href="https://heurist.huma-num.fr/judaism_and_rome/tpl/public-record/59" target="_blank">Temple of Divus Iulius and the Actian and Parthian Triumphal Arches (29 BCE)</a>.Another nice parallel could be made with Germanicus and Drusus: arches were dedicated to them after their deaths in 19 and 23 CE. Although the arch in the colonia Obsequens Iulia Pisana itself is now lost, a fragment of its inscription has been identified built in to the wall of the Cathedral of Pisa; the lettering is large and deep and contains the holes into which the bronze lettering of monumental lettering would be affixed (Segenni, Decreta Pisana, p. 110-113, incl. a photograph on p. 111). It is possible, too, to piece together a good picture of the arch from the description in the text of the decree from Pisa, which again illustrates the extent to which the figure of Gaius was integrated into the colony’s conception of the Augustan dynasty. Lines 34-5 state that the arch should be “decorated with the spoils of peoples subdued or brought into alliance by him” (orna/tus spoleis devictarum aut in fidem receptarum ab eo gentium); it is unlikely, as Fred Kleiner notes, that they intended the arch to be decorated with actual armour or standards of the enemy, so this ‘ornamentation’ must refer to reliefs of spoils, perhaps with figures of the subjugated people depicted as well, perhaps similar to those depicted on the Triumphal Arch at Arausio (modern Orange) (The Arch of Gaius Caesar, p. 162; see also <a href="https://heurist.huma-num.fr/judaism_and_rome/tpl/public-record/62" target="_blank">Triumphal Arch of Arausio_architecture</a>; <a href="https://heurist.huma-num.fr/judaism_and_rome/tpl/public-record/959" target="_blank">Triumphal Arch of Arausio_reliefs</a>).The arch was to be surmounted by two gilded equestrian statues of Lucius and Gaius, around a central statue of Gaius, in triumphal dress (lines 34-7). This combination of statuary and relief, both carrying messages of victory and conquest, was key to the popularity of Gaius and Lucius in the provinces, and how their deaths were used in the foundation of the concept of the gens Augusta (Marotta-D’Agata, Decreta Pisana, p. 44). Honorific arches and statues of this type, which included references to foreign expansion and military success, reaffirmed the prestige of the family and reinforced their superior auctoritas (Marotta-D’Agata, Decreta Pisana, p. 44). The fact that a colonial audience envisioned the arch in this way, rather than it being commissioned by the Senate in Rome, again emphasises the extent to which this kind of perception had been successfully transmitted outside of the capital city. The honours bestowed upon the memories of Gaius (and Lucius) – the period of mourning, the regulations for commemorating the anniversaries of their deaths and the dedication of a permanent monument to them - at Pisa are testimony to their popularity, and to the recognition of the personal qualities that each contained which made them uniquely suitable to assume dominant positions in the state, and even inherit Augustus’s title and estate (Marotta-D’Agata, Decreta Pisana, p. 54-5).The inscription ends with the agreement that a representative of the colony, Titus Statulenus Iuncus – himself a priest in the imperial cult – be sent to Rome to describe the honours that have been agreed upon (lines 42-50), and finally with the confirmation that further elections have taken place, with two duumviri now in place to ensure the agreed honours are carried out (lines 52-60). The decision to send envoys to Rome, led by a local dignitary whose priesthood directly connected him with the emperor reiterates how eager Pisa was to demonstrate their loyalty and the unanimous nature of their grief. Lucius Augustus dynasty heirs imperial household imperial succession death conquest loyalty to Rome imperial cult province Pisa Gaius Set in a frame and attached to the wall, near the south-east corner of the south corridor of the Camposanto in Pisa. Marble Combined width of fragments: 87.5 cm Height: 155 cm 1st CE 40 Pisa. SCRIB ADFU[-]R Q SERTORIVS Q F ATILIVS TACITVS P RASINIVS L F BASSVS L LAPPIVS P [---]ALLVS Q SERTORIVS Q F ALPIVS PICA C VETTIVS L F VIRGVLA M HERIVS M [---]RISCVS A ALBIVS A F GVTTA TIPETRONIVS TI F POLLIO L FABIVS L F BASSVS SEX [-]PONIVS SEX F CRETICVS C CANIVS C FE SATVRNINVS L OTACILIVS Q F PANTHERA 5 QVOD [---] SVNT CVM IN COLONIA NOSTRA PROPTER CONTENTIONES CANDIDATO RV[---]AGISTRATVVS NON ESSENT EA ACTA ESSENT QVAE INFRA SCRIPTA SVNT CVM A [----]II NONAS APRILES ALLATVS ESSET NVNTIVS C CAESAREM AVGVSTI PATRIS PATRI AE [--]NTIF MAXSVMI CVSTODIS IMPERI ROMANI TOTIVSQUE ORBIS TERRARVM PRAE SI[----]ILIVM DIVI NEPOTEM POST CONSVLATVM QVEM VLTRA FINIS EXTREMAS POPV 10 LI [--]MANI BELLVM GERENS FELICITER PEREGERAT BENE GESTA RE PVBLICA DEVICTEIS AVT IN [---]EM RECECPTIS BELLICOSISSIMIS AC MAXSIMIS GENTIBVS IPSVM VOLNERIBVS PRO RE PV[---]CA EXCEPTIS EX EO CASV CRVDELIBVS FATIS EREPTVM POPVLO ROMANO IAM DESIGNA TV[---]USTISSIMVM AC SIMILLVMVM PARENTIS SVI VIRTVTIBVS PRINCIPEM COLONIAEQVE NO[--]RAE VNICVM PRAESIDIVM EAQVE RES NONDVM QVIETO LVCTV QVEM EX DECES 15 SV [---]AESARIS FRATRIS EIVS CONSVLIS DESIGNATI AVGVRIS PATRONI NOSTRI PRINC[-] PIS [--]VENTVTIS COLONIA VNIVERSA SVSCEPERAT RENOVASSET MVLTIPLICASSETQVE MA[--]OREM OMNIVM SINGVLORVM VNIVERSORVMQVE OB EAS RES VNIVERSI DECV RIO[--]S COLONIQVE QVANDO EO CASV IN COLONIA NEQVE IIVIR NEQVE PRAEFECTI ER[--]T NEQVE QVISQVAM IVRE DICVNDO PRAERAT INTER SESE CONSENSERVNT PRO 20 MA[-]NITVDINE TANTAE AC TAM IMPROVISAE CALAMITATIS OPORTERE EX EA DIE QV[----]VS DECESVS NVNTIATVS ESSET VSQVE AD EAM DIEM QVA OSSA RELATA ATQVE CO[--]ITA IVSTAQVE EIVS MANIBVS PERFECTA ESSENT CVNCTOS VESTE MVTATA TEMPLIS QV[---]EORVM IMMORTALIVM BALNEISQVE PVBLICIS ET TABERNIS OMNIBVS CLAVSIS CO[--]ICTIBVS SESE APSTINERE MATRONAS QVAE IN COLONIA NOSTRA SVNT SVBLVGERE 25 DI[--]QVE EVM QVO DIE CCAESAR OBIT QVI DIES EST A D VIIII K MARTIAS PRO ALLIENSI LV[---]REM MEMORIAE PRODI NOTARIQVE IN PRAESENTIA OMNIVM IVSSV AC VO[---]TATE CAVERIQVE NE QVOD SACRIFICIVM PVBLICVM NEVE QVAE SVPPLI CA[---]NES NIVE SPONSALIA NIVE CONVIVIA PVBLICA POSTEA IN EVM DIEM EO[----]IE QVI DIES ERIT A DVIIII K MART FIANT CONCIPIANTVR INDICAN- 30 TV NIVE QVI LVDI SCAENICI CIRCIENSESVE EO DIE FIANT SPECTENTVRVE VT[----] EO DIE QVODANNIS PVBLICE MANIBVS EIVS PER MAGISTRATVS EOSVE QV[----]SIS IVRE DICVNDO PRAERVNT EODEM LOCO EODEMQVE MODO QVO L C[---]ARI PARENTARI INSTITVTVM EST PARENTETVR VE [---]US CELEBERRIMO COLONIAE NOSTRAE LOCO CONSTITVATVR ORNA 35 TV[----]OLEIS DEVICTARVM AVT IN FIDEM RECEPTARVM AB EO GENTIVM SUPER EV[----]ATVA PEDESTRIS IPSIVS TRIVMPHALI ORNATV CIRCAQVE EAM DVAE EQ[----]RES INAVRATAE GAI ET LVCI CAESARVM STATVAE PONANTVR VTIQUE [--]M PRIMVM PER LEGEM COLONIAE DVOVIROS CREARE ET HABERE PO TV[---]MUS II DVOVIRI QVI PRIMI CREATI ERVNT HOC QVOD DECVRIONIBVS 40 ET [---]VERSIS COLONIS PLACVIT AD DECVRIONES REFERANT EORVM PU BL[---] AVCTORITATE ADHIBITA LEGITVME ID CAVEATVR AVCTORIBVSQVE IIS [----]ABVLAS PVBLICAS REFERATVR INTEREA T STATVLENVS IVNCVS FLA[--]N AUGVSTALIS PONTIF MINOR PVBLICORVM P R SACRORVM ROGARE TV[-----] CVM LEGATIS EXCVSATA PRAESENTI COLONIAE NECESSITATE HOC 45 OF[-----]M PVBLICVM ET VOLVNTATEM VNIVERSORVM LIBELLO REDDITO IM[----]ESARI AVGVSTO PATRI PATRIAE PONTIF MAXSIMO TRIBVNICIAE PO[----] XXVI INDICET IDQV[-----]ATVLENVS IVNCVS PRINCEPS COLONIAE NOSTRAE FLAMEN AVGVST PO[----] MINOR PVBLICORVM P R SACRORVM LIBELLO ITA VTI SVPRA SCRIPTVM 50 ES[-----]ERATORI CAESARI AVGVSTO PONTIF MAXIMO TRIBVN POTEST XXVI PAT PAT[----] REDDITO FECERIT PLACERE CONSCRIPTIS QVAE A D IIII NONAS APRILES QV[------] AELIO CATO C SENTIO SATVRNINO COS FVERVNT FACTA ACTA CON ST[-----] SVNT PER CONSENSVM OMNIVM ORDINVM EA OMNIA ITA FIERI AGI HA BE[-------]RVARIQVE AB L TITIO A F ET T ALLIO T F RVFO IIVIRIS ET AB EIS QVICVM 55 QV[------]EA IN COLONIA NOSTRA IIVIR PRAEFECTI SIVE QVI ALI MAGISTRATVS ER[---] OMNIA IN PERPETVOM ITA FIERI AGI HABERI OBSERVARIQVE VTIQ L TITIVS A [-----]LLIVS T F RVFVS IIVIRI EA OMNIA QVAE SVPRA SCRIPTA SVNT EX DECRET NOS[---] CORAM PRO QVAESTORIBVS PRIMO QVOQVE TEMPORE PER SCRIBAM PV BL[-]C[----]N TABVLAS PVBLICAS REFERENDA CVRENT 60 CENSVERE 178 Roman CIL XI, 1421 EDR142467 Yes <div> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify;" valign="top" width="435"> scrib(endo) ad]fu[e]r(unt) Q(uintus) Sertorius Q(uinti) f(ilius) Atilius Tacitus P(ublius) Rasinius L(uci) f(ilius) Bassus L(ucius) Lappius </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> P(ubli) [f(ilius) G]allus Q(uintus) Sertorius Q(uinti) f(ilius) Alpius Pica C(aius) Vettius L(uci) f(ilius) Virgula M(arcus) Herius </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> M(arci) [f(ilius) P]riscus A(ulus) Albius A(uli) f(ilius) Gutta Ti(berius) Petronius Ti(beri) f(ilius) Pollio L(ucius) Fabius L(uci) f(ilius) Bassus </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> Sex(tus) [A]ponius Sex(ti) f(ilius) Creticus C(aius) Canius C(ai) <f=E>(ilius) Saturninus L(ucius) Otacilius Q(uinti) f(ilius) Panthera </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> 5 </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> quod [v(erba) f(acta)] sunt cum in colonia nostra propter contentiones candidato- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> ru[m m]agistratuus non essent ea acta essent quae infra scripta sunt </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> cum a(nte) [d(iem) II]II Nonas Apriles allatus esset nuntius C(aium) Caesarem Augusti patris patri- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> ae [po]ntif(icis) max{s}<i=U>mi custodis imperi(i) Romani totiusque orbis terrarum prae- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> si[dis f]ilium divi nepotem post consulatum quem ultra finis extremas popu- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> 10 </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> li [Ro]mani bellum gerens feliciter peregerat bene gesta re publica devicteis aut </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> in [fid]em rececptis bellicosissimis ac max{s}imis gentibus ipsum volneribus pro re </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> pu[bli]ca exceptis ex eo casu crudelibus fatis ereptum populo Romano iam designa- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> tu[m i]ustissimum ac simillumum parentis sui virtutibus principem coloniaeque </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> no[st]rae unicum praesidium eaque res nondum quieto luctu quem ex deces- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> 15 </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> su [L(uci) C]aesaris fratris eius consulis designati auguris patroni nostri princ[i]- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> pis [iu]ventutis colonia universa susceperat renovasset multiplicassetque </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> ma[er]orem omnium singulorum universorumque ob eas res universi decu- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> rio[ne]s colonique quando eo casu in colonia neque IIvir(i) neque praefecti </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> er[an]t neque quisquam iure dicundo prae(e)rat inter sese consenserunt pro </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> 20 </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> ma[g]nitudine tantae ac tam improvisae calamitatis oportere ex ea die </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> qu[a ei]us deces(s)us nuntiatus esset usqu<e=I> ad eam diem qua ossa relata atque </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> co[nd]ita iustaque eius Manibus perfecta essent cunctos veste mutata templis- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> qu[e d]eorum immortalium balneisque publicis et tabernis omnibus clausis </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> co[nv]ictibus sese apstinere matronas quae in colonia nostra sunt sublugere </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> 25 </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> di[em]que eum quo die C(aius) Caesar obi(i)t qui dies est a(nte) d(iem) VIIII K(alendas) Martias pro Alliensi </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> lu[gub]rem memoriae prodi notarique in praesentia omnium iussu ac </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> vo[lun]tate caverique ne quod sacrificium publicum neve quae suppli- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> ca[tio]nes nive sponsalia nive convivia publica postea in eum diem </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> eo[ve d]ie qui dies erit a(nte) d(iem) VIIII K(alendas) Mart(ias) fiant concipiantur indican- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> 30 </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> tu[rve] nive qui ludi scaenici circiensesve eo die fiant spectenturve </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> ut[ique] eo die quodannis publice Manibus eius per magistratus eosve </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> qu[i Pi]sis iure dicundo prae(e)runt eodem loco eodemque modo quo </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> L(ucio) C[aes]ari parentari institutum est parentetur </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> utique [ian]us celeberrimo coloniae nostrae loco constituatur orna- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> 35 </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> tu[s sp]oleis devictarum aut in fidem receptarum ab eo gentium super </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> eu[m st]atua pedestris ipsius triumphali ornatu circaque eam duae </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> eq[uest]res inauratae Gai et Luci Caesarum statuae ponantur </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> utique [cu]m primum per legem coloniae duoviros creare et habere po- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> tu[eri]mus ii duoviri qui primi creati erunt hoc quod decurionibus </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> 40 </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> et [uni]versis colonis placuit ad decuriones referant eorum pu- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> bl[ica] auctoritate adhibita legitume id caveatur auctoribusque </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> iis [in t]abulas publicas referatur interea T(itus) Statulenus Iuncus </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> fla[me]n Augustalis pontif(ex) minor publicorum p(opuli) R(omani) sacrorum rogare- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> tu[r uti] cum legatis excusata praesenti coloniae necessitate hoc </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> 45 </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> of[ficiu]m publicum et voluntatem universorum libello reddito </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> Im[p(eratori) Ca]esari Augusto patri patriae pontif(ici) max{s}imo tribuniciae </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> po[test(atis)] XXVI indicet- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> idqu[e T(itus) St]atulenus Iuncus princeps coloniae nostrae flamen August(alis) </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> po[ntif(ex)] minor publicorum p(opuli) R(omani) sacrorum libello ita uti supra scriptum </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> 50 </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> es[t Imp]eratori Caesari Augusto pontif(ici) maximo tribun(iciae) potest(atis) XXVI pat(ri) </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> pat[riae] reddito fecerit placere conscriptis quae a(nte) d(iem) IIII Nonas Apriles </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> qu[ae Sex(to)] Aelio Cato C(aio) Sentio Saturnino co(n)s(ulibus) fuerunt facta acta con- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> st[ituta] sunt per consensum omnium ordinum ea omnia ita fieri agi ha- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> 55 </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> be[ri] obse]rvarique ab L(ucio) Titio A(uli) f(ilio) et T(ito) Allio T(iti) f(ilio) Rufo IIviris et ab eis quicum- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> qu[e post]ea in colonia nostra IIvir(i) praefecti sive qui ali(i) magistratus </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> er[unt] omnia in perpetuom(!) ita fieri agi haberi o<b=P>servarique utiq(ue) L(ucius) Titius </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> A(uli) [f(ilius) T(itus) A]llius T(iti) f(ilius) Rufus IIviri ea omnia quae supra scripta sunt ex decret(o) </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> nos[tro] coram pro quaestoribus primo quoque tempore per scribam pu- </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> bl[i]c[um i]n tabulas publicas referenda curent </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="27"> 60 </td> <td valign="top" width="435"> censuere </td> </tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Taken from Melvin G.L. Cooley (ed.), The Age of Augustus (Kingston upon Thames: London Association of Classical Teachers, 2003). Reproduced by kind permission of the London Association of Classical Teachers.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;">[…at Pisa in the forum in the Augusteum, the following were present at the drafting:] Quintus Sertorius Atilius Tacitus son of Quintus, Publius Rasinius Bassus son of Lucius, Lucius Lappius Gallus [son of Lucius], Quintus Sertorius Alpius Pica son of Quinctus, Gaius Vettius Virgula son of Lucius, Marcus Herius Priscus [son] of Marcus, Aulus Albius Gutta son of Aulus, Titus Petronius Pollio son of Titus, Lucius Fabius Bassus son of Lucius, Sextus Aponius Creticus son of Sextus, Gaus Canius Saturninus [son] of Gaius, Lucius Otacilius Panthera son of Quintus.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">[5] Seeing as a statement was made, although there were no magistrates in our colony because of disputes concerning the candidates, and these things which had been done which have been written below: since on 2 April the message had been brought that Gaius Caesar, the son of Augustus who is Father of the Fatherland, chief priest, protector of the Roman empire, and guardian of the whole world, and the grandson of the deified, after a consulship which he had completed while successfully waging war beyond the furthest boundaries of the Roman people, after he had carried out his state duties properly with the most warlike and greatest peoples subdued or brought into alliance, had received in wounds in service of his country and as a result of this disaster had been snatched away from the Roman people by the cruel fates, when already designated a leader who was most just and like his father in his virtues, and the one defence of our colony. [14] The event came at a time when the grief had not yet abated which the whole colony had felt at the death of [Lucius] Caesar his brother, consul designate, augur, our patron and leader of the younger generation, and it had renewed and multiplied the sorrow of everyone individually and collectively. Therefore all the town councillors and colonists, since it happened there were in the colony neither chief magistrates nor prefects nor anyone in charge of the administration of justice, agreed amongst themselves, in view of the importance of such a great and so unexpected a calamity, that, from the day on which his death had been announced right up until the day on which his bones will be brought back and buried and his spirit duly laid to rest, everyone, dressed in mourning, with the temples of the immortal gods, the public baths, and all shops closed, ought to abstain from banquets; and that the married women who are in our colony ought to be assistant mourners; [25] and that the day on which Gaius Caesar passed away, namely 21 February, ought to be handed down to memory as one of mourning, equivalent to the day of the Allia, and be marked in the presence of all by regulation and by desire; and that care be taken that no public sacrifice nor any offerings nor betrothals nor public banquets be held, undertaken, or proclaimed hereafter for that day or on that day which will be 21 February, and that no theatrical or circus shows be held or watched on that day; and it was agreed that on that day each year rites be performed publically to his spirit by the magistrates and by those who are in charge of the administration of justice at Pisa, in the same place and in the same way as it has been established rites be performed for Lucius Caesar; [34] and it was agreed that an arch be set up in the most frequented place of our colony decorated with the spoils of peoples subdued or brought into alliance by him, and that on top of it should be placed a statue of him on foot in triumphal dress, and on either side of this statue two gilded equestrian statues of Gaius and Lucius Caesars: and it was agreed that as soon as we will be able to appoint and have chief magistrates in accordance with the colony’s law, those two chief magistrates first appointed are to bring before the town councillors this matter which has been agreed by the councillors and all colonists, and that this be legally taken care of by invoking the councillors’ public authority, and at their instigation be entered into the public records; [42] meanwhile Titus Statulenus Iuncus, priest of Augustus, lesser priest of the public rights of the Roman people, should be asked to explain with the envoys the present difficulty faced by the colony, and to declare the public duty and wish of all in a dispatch delivered to Imperator Caesar Augustus, who is Father of the Fatherland, chief priest, in his 26th year of tribunician power; and Titus Statulenus Iuncus, leader of our colony, priest of Augustus, lesser priest of the public rites of the Roman people, did this, with a dispatch such as is described above delivered to Imperator Caesar Augustus, chief priest, in his 26th year of tribunician power, Father of the Fatherland. [51] The councillors decided that whatever had been done, performed, and resolved upon by general assent of all social classes on 2 April in the consulship of Sextus Aelius Catus and Gaius Sentius Saturninus, should in its entirety thus be done, performed, observed, and adhered to by Lucius Titius son of Aulus and Titus Allius Rufus son of Titus, joint chief magistrates, and by those whoever hereafter will be joint chief of magistrates or prefects or any other magistrates in our colony, and that all these things be thus done, performed, observed, and adhered to in perpetuity; and that Lucius Titius son of Aulus and Titus Allius Rufus son of Titus, joint chief magistrates, see to it that all these things written above in accordance with our decree be entered into the public scribe in the presence of the proquaestors at the earliest possible opportunity. Decreed.</div> Yes Roma populus romanus colonia orbis terra bellum res publica iustissimus iuventus manes deus arcus spolia devictus hostis flamen Augustalis sacrum perpetuus Gaius Lucius Caesar Augustus Caroline Barron English Honorific Yes 1