judaism_and_rome 2026-07-22T00:11:21+02:00 1 122 Inscription https://heurist.huma-num.fr/heurist/?recID=122&db=judaism_and_rome 2022-08-16 23:18:38 2025-07-22 16:56:39 public Funerary Foundation of Titus Praxias and the Eternal Rule of the Romans The stone is broken on top and the bottom left corner. Letters were cut irregularly but are still readable. There is no separation between words or indented paragraphs 0085 0085 2697 2177 cad5b15760c5ba410ce821f2c57da9d19e3460d5 praxias_will_.jpg image/jpeg 1694 2022-08-12 11:55:51 Funerary Foundation of Titus Praxias and the Eternal Rule of the Romans, 2697, Praxias_will_.jpg (1.66 MB)) https://heurist.huma-num.fr/heurist/?db=judaism_and_rome&file=cad5b15760c5ba410ce821f2c57da9d19e3460d5 Greek 3691 3690 3689 3688 3687 <p>Even if the text does not mention it explicitly, the find-spot of the inscription (see above) makes it possible to assign its content to the political structures and civic life of <a href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/609293">Akmonia</a>. This city in the central Anatolian region of Phrygia followed the model of the Greek <em>polis </em>and this explains the detailed procedure established in relation to the local decree recorded here.<br /><br />As often happens with such Greek decrees, the most formal elements are included at the end of the inscription. In this case, from lines 29 to 34 we can see that a group of three men had been drawn by lot to draft the resolution (δογματογράφοι/<em>dogmatographoi</em>). This resolution was to be valid from the 5^th March 85 CE: i.e. the 11^th consulship of Domitian, which corresponded to the year 169 in the local era of Akmonia. A public slave (δημόσιος/<em>demosios</em>) was in charge of writing the final version (cf. AE 2006.1426; <em>CIG</em> 3858i; Weiss, <em>Sklave der Stadt</em>, p. 70-84). Preceding this closing formula, the text specifies with verb infinitives the clauses contained in the decree.<br /><br />As the stone is partly preserved, only certain aspects can be studied and these mostly concern the “distribution” (διαμονή/<em>diamonê</em>) mentioned in the first surviving line. Such distributions – of money, most commonly – were an integral component of euergetic actions in the cities of the Greek East and were normally acknowledged by the local institutions honouring their sponsors (see Mrozek, <em>Les distributions d'argent</em>). This decree, however, is not only honorific but actually contains the instructions and regulations given by the benefactor in order to make the distribution possible. As such, the text needs to be studied as one of the foundations that were normally established by wealthy individuals in their cities to finance a wide array of activities (e.g. Salutaris’s and Demosthenes’s foundations; see Laum, <em>Stiftungen</em>). These foundations started with a fixed capital endowment which was expected to increase every year, either through interest or additional funds usually supplied from landed property (Duncan-Jones, <em>The economy</em>, p. 132-138). The financial arrangement of this foundation from Akmonia is not specified in the available text, but the name of the donor already appears in line 2: Praxias. In line 17, he is also referred to as Titus Praxias, so it is possible that the rich man was a Roman citizen. His wealth in any case was not doubtful. As the first clauses specify, he had enough freedmen (ἀπελεύθεροι/<em>apeleutheroi</em>) to take care of his funerary monument (μνημεῖον/<em>mnêion</em>) and he could also organise a celebration (κατάκλισις/<em>kataklisis</em>), most likely a banquet, in a marked local date such as that “day of happiness” (l. 5). The references to his tomb and the deposit of roses (l. 8) are important because many of the foundations attested in the Graeco-Roman world had such a post-mortem character. For this reason, donors depended on descendants and the local institutions to maintain the financial health of their benefactions once death. Praxias was well aware of this aspect and hence his insistence throughout the text on instructions not to alter his will.        <br /><br />The two physical guarantors of Praxias’s foundation were his freedmen and the council (βουλή/<em>boulê</em>) of Akmoneia. It is therefore not coincidental that these two precisely were the main beneficiaries of his monetary distributions as specified in lines 1 and 21-22. Praxias’s distress to protect his foundation is justified as we know of many cases in which either descendants or local institutions diverted funds for projects which were not initially endorsed by the original donor (e.g. <em>I.Aphr.2007 </em>12.538; <em>IG</em> II² 1092). Indeed, as it is emphasised in lines 10 and 11, the future integrity of his tomb depended on the full compliance with his unambiguous instructions. Praxias was not thinking about the immediate future but rather about the long-term preservation of his memory and rest. Line 28 actually specifies that these instructions “had been set for perpetuity” (διηνεκές/<em>diênekes</em>). The same concern for the future is present when the inscription in lines 12 and 13 records that the decree (ψήφισμα/<em>psêphisma</em>) “will be protected in the eternity of the Roman rule” (τῷ αἰῶνι τῆς Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμονίας/<em>tô aiôni tês Rômaiôn hêgemonias</em>). For Praxias, the hegemony of the Romans had become a synonym of an everlasting power on which a wealthy man from Phrygia could rely for his eternal rest and the survival of his funds. This rare expression is not formulaic and therefore its use in our inscription sheds light on the local perception of Rome and its power by the provincial population under the Flavians.<br /><br />Titus Praxias did not only seek institutional and human protection for eternity, but also designated divine forces to be “guardians” (ἐπισκόπoι/<em>episkopoi</em>) and “witnesses” (μάρτυρες/<em>martyres</em>) in lines 22-24. For a man believing in the eternal rule of Rome, it is not surprising to see the invocation of the Augustan gods (Θεοὶ Σεβαστοί/<em>Theoi Sebastoi</em>) together with those of his fatherland and other important local or regional deities such as Zeus Stodmenos, Asklepios the Saviour and Artemis Ephesia. Indeed, at the end of the 1^st century CE the structures of imperial cult in the province of Asia – to which Akmonia belonged – were firmly established and, for example, Ephesus completed in the same decade a new temple of the <em>Augusti</em> for which the city received a <em>neokoria </em>(i.e. a principal seat of imperial cult). In this period too, the Flavian dynasty was also the guarantor of a durable Roman power that survived Julio-Claudian succession, the year of the four emperors, and was now ready to be perceived as hegemonic in inner Anatolia.</p> Roman power Augustan gods imperial cult Roman hegemony eternity of Rome personal belief foundation will Flavian dynasty Musée du Cinquantenaire, Brussels (Belgium) Marble 88 centimetres in height, 67 in width, and 32 thick. Letters are 1.5 1st CE 5832 Discovered near the train station of Banaz (Turkey) 248 Roman Greek Cumont, Franz, Musées royaux du Cinquantenaire. Catalogue des sculptures et inscriptions antiques (monuments lapidaires), Brussels, Vromant, 1913, p. 150-155 no. 133 [IGRR IV.661; SEG 13.542; MAMA VI List 148,159] No <p align="left">I reproduce the edition contained in <em>Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas Pertinentes</em> IV.661. Diacritical signs have been updated to comply with the Leiden conventions. </p> <table style="width: 510px;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">[- - - τῆς] διανομῆς με[τ]εχεῖν καὶ ἰσ[ομοιρεῖν(?) καθ]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">[εστα]μένους ὑπὸ τοῦ Πραξίου πρὸς τῷ μνημείῳ αὐτοῦ ἀπε[λευ]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">[θέρ]ους· ἓξ ἀναριθμεῖσθαι δὲ ἰς τὸν τῶν τελευτώντων [τόπον]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">τοὺς ἐξ αὐτῶν {αὐ}τῶν ἐπιγεννωμένων μέχρι τῶν ἕξ, γείνε̣[σ]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left">5</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">θαι δὲ τὴν κατάκλισιν μηνὸς Πανήμου ἡμέρᾳ εὐδαιμοσύνης</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς προσόδου ταύτης ἐπὶ τὸ μνημεῖον τοῦ Πραξίου ἀ[πο]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">φέρεσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχόντων τῆς πόλεως καὶ τοῦ γραμματέως</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">τῆς βουλῆς ῥόδα δηναρίων δέκα δύο· προνοεῖν δὲ τήν τε βουλὴν [καὶ]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">τοὺς κατ’ ἐνιαυτὸν ἰς τὰς ἀρχὰς καθισταμένους πάντας τῶν τ[ε](?)</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left">10</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">ἀπελευθέρων, καὶ ὅπως μηδὲν τοῦ μνημείου τούτου ἢ τῶν περὶ α[ὐ]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">τὸ φυτειῶν ἢ οἰκοδομιῶν ἐλασσωθῇ ἢ ἐξαλλοτριωθῇ κατὰ μηδέ-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">να τρόπον· τοῦτο δὲ τὸ ψήφισμα νενομοθετῆσθαι τῷ αἰῶνι τῆς Ῥω-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">μαίων ἡγεμονίας φυλαχθησόμενον, μηδενὸς ἐξουσίαν ἔχοντος</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">ἀλλάξαι τι τῶν δεδογμένων ἢ μεταποιῆσαι ἢ εἰς ἑτέραν τινὰ</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left">15</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">χρείαν μετενενκεῖν κατὰ μηδένα τρόπον· πάντας δὲ κοινῇ</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">καὶ καθ’ ἕνα προνοεῖσθαι ὑπὲρ τοῦ φυλαχθῆναι τὰ ἐψηφισμένα</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">κοινὰ καὶ ἀνεπιχείρητα πρὸς τῇ Τίτου Πραξίου διαταγῇ κ[ἀμοὶ]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">μόνῳ ἐξεῖναι τῶν ἐν τῷ ψηφίσματι γεγραμμένων ἀλ̣λ̣άξαι</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">τι ἢ διορθῶσαι ἢ τοῖς γεγραμμένοις προσδιατάξασθαι· εἶναι</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left">20</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">δὲ τοῖς δεδογμένοις πᾶσι καὶ μάλιστα ἵνα μόνοι οἱ παρόντες</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">καὶ κατακλεινόμενοι βουλευταὶ λαμβάνωσι τὴν διανομὴν</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">[τ]α̣ύτην, ἐπισκόπους καὶ μάρτυρας θεοὺς Σεβαστοὺς καὶ θε-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">[οὺς] πατρίου<ς> καὶ Δία Στοδμηνὸν καὶ Σωτῆρα Ἀσκληπιὸν καὶ Ἀρ[τέ]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">[μιδα] Ἐφεσίαν κοινῇ τε ὑπὸ πάντων καὶ καθ’ ἕνα ἐπικεκλημέ[νους]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left">25</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">[τῶν οὕτω]ς ἐψηφισμένων φύλακας· παρακεκλῆσθαι δὲ τὸν γραμ-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">[ματέα τῆς] βουλῆς καὶ ἱερέα Ἀσκληπιάδην ὅπως καὶ μετὰ τὸν</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">[ἐφ’ ἔτος ἐνι]αυτὸν πρόνοιαν ποιῆται τῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ Πραξίου</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">[δεδομένων(?)] καὶ διατεταγμένων εἰς τὸ διηνεκές, καθὼς καὶ</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">[ὑπὸ τοῦ Πραξί]ου παρεκλήθη· λαχόντων δογματογράφων Πον[τικοῦ(?)]</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left">30</div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">[δὶς(?), Διο]φάντου Ἑκατέου τοῦ Ποντικοῦ, Ἀλεξάνδρου</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">[— — —]· ἐκυριώθη πρὸ τριῶν Νωνῶν Μαρτίων [Αὐτοκρά]-</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">[τορι Δομι]τιανῷ Καίσαρι Σεβαστῷ Γερμανικῷ τῷ αιʹ,</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">[ὑπάτῳ, ἔτους ρξ]θʹ, μηνὸς Ξανδικοῦ τρισκαι[δεκάτου],</div> </td> </tr><tr><td valign="top" width="37"> <div align="left"> </div> </td> <td valign="top" width="473"> <div align="left">[ἐγράφη(?) δ]ιὰ Ἐρμογένου δημοσίου.</div> </td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>The translation is my own. The English text tries to follow the grammar and syntax of the original Greek as close as possible in order to facilitate the reading of this technical legal document. <br /><br /> [...] to take part and have an equal share? in the distribution/ the freedmen appointed by Praxias to his (funerary) monument,/ and to enumerate 6 in the place of the deceased/ out of those descendants up to 6, and to have/ a celebration in the day of happiness of the month Panemos//, and from the revenue of this on the monument of Praxias/ to be carried by the magistrates of the city and the secretary/ of the council 12 denarii of roses. And to take care the council and/ all those appointed for the magistracies in that year of the freedmen/ so that nothing of this monument or the plants around it// or the buildings is diminished or altered in any/ way. And this resolution to be enacted protected in the eternity of the Roman/ rule, having no one the possibility/ of altering any of the things decreed or remodelling or for any other/ purpose diverting it in no way whatsoever. And all as a whole// and on each point to be taken care of concerning the protection of the things decreed,/ as common and unassailable following the instructions of Titus Praxias and to me/ alone to be possible to alter what is written in the resolution/, or to correct something or add a clause to what is written. And for all the things/ decided, particularly so that only the present// and summoned councillors take this distribution/ the Augustan gods to be guardians and witnesses/ and the native gods and Zeus Stodmenos and Asklepios the Saviour and/ Artemis Ephesia in common proclaimed by all and each/ as custodians of what it thus decreed. And to be invited the secretary of the council/ and priest Asklepiades so that after/ the present year he is well disposed towards what Praxias/ has given and set for perpetuity, as if/ he was invited by Praxias. And the decree-drafters drawn by lot were Ponticus?, Diophantos, son of Hekateos of Pontikos, Alexander// [...] It was legally valid three days before the Nones of March/, when the emperor Domitian Caesar Augustus Germanicus was consul for the 11^th time/, in the year 169, in the month Xandikos on the 13th, written by the public (slave) Hermogenes.</p> Translation by author of the database record Yes A local decree specifies the clauses of a foundation given by Praxias, which was to be protected in the eternity of Roman rule and guarded by the Augusti δημόσιος διαμονή μνημεῖον ἀπελεύθερος κατάκλισις εὐδαιμοσύνη προσόδος πόλις ἄρχων βουλή ῥόδον δηνάριον προνοέω ψήφισμα αἰών Ῥωμαῖος ἡγεμονία διαταγή βουλευτής ἐπίσκοπος μάρτυς σεβαστός θεός πάτριος Ζεύς Ἀσκληπιός σωτήρ Ἄρτεμις φύλαξ ἱερεύς πρόνοια διηνεκής Δομιτιανός Καῖσαρ Aitor Blanco Pérez English Local decree Yes 107 148 174 181 195 245 1